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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">radhyd</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Радиационная гигиена</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-426X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2409-9082</issn><publisher><publisher-name>NIIRG</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21514/1998-426X-2024-17-4-43-54</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">radhyd-1089</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Радиационно-гигиенические аспекты аварийного реагирования на крупные радиационные аварии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Radiation hygienic aspects of emergency response to major radiation accidents</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7310-9718</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горский</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorsky</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Горский Григорий Анатольевич – кандидат медицинских наук, заместитель директора по инновационной работе Санкт-Петербургского НИИРГ им. проф. П.В. Рамзаева Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; доцент кафедры гигиены условий воспитания, обучения, труда и радиационной гигиены СЗГМУ им. И.И. Мечникова МЗ РФ.</p><p>197101, ул. Мира 8, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Grigory A. Gorsky – Candidate of Medical Sciences, Deputy Director of Innovation Work, Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene after Professor P.V. Ramzaev, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being; Associate Professor, Department of Hygiene of Conditions of Education, Training, Work and Radiation Hygiene, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov.</p><p>Mira Str., 8, Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Gorskii@niirg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0668-459X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романович</surname><given-names>И. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanovich</surname><given-names>I. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Романович Иван Константинович – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН, директор Санкт-Петербургского НИИРГ им. проф. П.В. Рамзаева Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan K. Romanovich – Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene after Professor P.V. Ramzaev, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing.</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт радиационной гигиены имени профессора П.В. Рамзаева, Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова, Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene after Professor P.V. Ramzaev, Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing; North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт радиационной гигиены имени профессора П.В. Рамзаева, Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene after Professor P.V. Ramzaev, Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>43</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Горский Г.А., Романович И.К., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Горский Г.А., Романович И.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gorsky G.A., Romanovich I.K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.radhyg.ru/jour/article/view/1089">https://www.radhyg.ru/jour/article/view/1089</self-uri><abstract><p>Темпы развития ядерных технологий неразрывно связаны с необходимостью совершенствования и актуализации подходов к готовности эффективного и адекватного реагирования на аварийные ситуации. Внедрение новых технических решений, которые за последние несколько десятилетий значительно снизили риски возникновения тяжелых последствий крупных радиационных аварий, не могут гарантировать их абсолютное отсутствие. Совершенствование систем глубокоэшелонированной радиационной защиты, радиационного мониторинга и контроля, уровня подготовки персонала радиационных объектов не может идти отдельно от развития комплекса мер аварийной готовности и аварийного реагирования. Целью работы является обзор систем реагирования на крупные радиационные аварии, рекомендуемых Международной комиссией по радиационной защите и Международным агентством по атомной энергии, и российскими федеральными законами и нормативными правовыми актами. Результаты работы показали, что при актуализации и пересмотре санитарных норм и правил в области радиационной безопасности целесообразно рассмотреть необходимость дополнения действующей системы категорирования радиационных объектов по потенциальной радиационной опасности, системными критериями категорирования видов деятельности по степени аварийной готовности. Этими критерии будут охватывать не только эксплуатацию стационарных радиационных объектов, для которых предусматривается установление санитарно-защитной зоны, но и работу с источниками ионизирующего излучения вне стационарных условий, в том числе транспортирование радиоактивных веществ, эксплуатация судов с ядерными двигательными установками, а также радиационноопасные объекты, находящиеся за пределами страны. Введение такого категорирования создает основу для определения зон и расстояний аварийного реагирования, которые позволят определить эффективный набор мер радиационной защиты населения, планируемый органами власти субъектов Российской Федерации совместно с эксплуатирующими организациями и органами, осуществляющими государственное регулирование безопасности в области использования атомной энергии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The pace of development of nuclear technologies is inextricably linked to the need to improve and update approaches to the preparedness of effective and adequate response to emergencies. The introduction of new solutions, which over the last few decades have significantly reduced the risks of severe consequences of major radiation accidents, cannot guarantee their absolute absence. Improvement of the systems of deep echelon radiation protection, radiation monitoring and control, the level of training of staff of radiation facilities cannot go separately from the development of a set of emergency preparedness and emergency response measures. The aim of the work is to review the systems of response to major radiation accidents recommended by ICRP and IAEA, and Russian federal laws and regulations. The results of the work have shown that when updating and revising sanitary norms and rules in the field of radiation safety, it is recommended to consider the need to supplement the current system of classification of radiation facilities by potential radiation hazard, with system criteria for categorisation of activities by the degree of emergency preparedness. These criteria would cover not only the operation of stationary radiation facilities for which a sanitary protection zone is established, but also operations with sources of ionising radiation outside stationary conditions, including transport of radioactive substances, operation of ships with nuclear propulsion systems, as well as radiation hazardous facilities located outside the country. The introduction of such categorisation creates a basis for determining emergency response zones and distances, which will make it possible to determine an effective set of radiation protection measures for the population planned by the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation together with the operating organisations and the authorities carrying out state regulation of safety in the field of the use of atomic energy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>радиационная авария</kwd><kwd>категория аварийной готовности</kwd><kwd>зоны и расстояния аварийного реагирования</kwd><kwd>радиационная защита</kwd><kwd>детерминированные эффекты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>radiation accident</kwd><kwd>emergency preparedness category</kwd><kwd>emergency response zones and distances</kwd><kwd>radiation protection</kwd><kwd>deterministic effects</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках выполнения отраслевой научно-исследовательской программы Роспотребнадзора на 2021-2025 гг. «Научное обоснование национальной системы обеспечения санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия, управления рисками здоровью и повышения качества жизни населения России».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was prepared as part of the implementation of the Rospotrebnadzor industry research programme for 2021-2025. 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