<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">radhyd</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Радиационная гигиена</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-426X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2409-9082</issn><publisher><publisher-name>NIIRG</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21514/1998-426X-2019-12-1-6-24</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">radhyd-592</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные принципы обеспечения радиационной безопасности при использовании источников ионизирующего излучения в медицине. Часть 1. Тенденции развития, структура лучевой диагностики и дозы медицинского облучения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern principles of the radiation protection from sources of ionizing radiation in medicine. Part 1: Trends, structure of x-ray diagnostics and doses from medical exposure</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Онищенко</surname><given-names>Г. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Onischenko</surname><given-names>G. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medical Science, Professor, member</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, руководитель</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medical Science, Professor, Head</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романович</surname><given-names>И. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanovich</surname><given-names>I. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент Российской академии наук, директор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Водоватов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vodovatov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией радиационной гигиены медицинских организаций, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>197101, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, д. 8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of Medical Protection Laboratory, Leading Researcher</p><p>Mira str., 8, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vodovatoff@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Башкетова</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bashketova</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>руководитель</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Directorate</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Историк</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Istorik</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>руководитель</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Directorate</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чипига</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chipiga</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории радиационной гигиены медицинских организаций</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Medical protection laboratory</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шацкий</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shatsky</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории радиационной гигиены медицинских организаций</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Medical protection laboratory</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Репин</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Repin</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник информационно-аналитического центра</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher of Information Analytical Center</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Библин</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Biblin</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>руководитель информационно-аналитического центра – старший научный со-трудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of Information Analytical</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская академия наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт радиационной гигиены имени профессора П.В. Рамзаева Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene after Professor P.V. Ramzaev, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Управление Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека по городу Санкт-Петербургу</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being in St-Petersburg</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Управление Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека по Ленинградской области</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being in Leningrad region</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>24</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Онищенко Г.Г., Попова А.Ю., Романович И.К., Водоватов А.В., Башкетова Н.С., Историк О.А., Чипига Л.А., Шацкий И.Г., Репин Л.В., Библин А.М., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Онищенко Г.Г., Попова А.Ю., Романович И.К., Водоватов А.В., Башкетова Н.С., Историк О.А., Чипига Л.А., Шацкий И.Г., Репин Л.В., Библин А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Onischenko G.G., Popova A.Y., Romanovich I.K., Vodovatov A.V., Bashketova N.S., Istorik O.A., Chipiga L.A., Shatsky I.G., Repin L.V., Biblin A.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.radhyg.ru/jour/article/view/592">https://www.radhyg.ru/jour/article/view/592</self-uri><abstract><p>Внедрение современных высокоинформативных методов лучевой диагностики (компьютерной томографии, интервенционных исследований, радионуклидной  диагностики), ведущее к росту дозовой нагрузки на население, обусловливает необходимость совершенствования системы радиационной защиты в медицине. Несмотря на тотальное преобладание в структуре лучевой диагностики в Российской Федерации традиционных методов исследований (из 280 млн рентгенорадиологических процедур, выполненных в 2017 г., 95% приходится на рентгенографические и флюорографические исследования), основной вклад в коллективную дозу облучения населения страны вносит компьютерная томография (50,5%). Структура лучевой диагностики и коллективной дозы от медицинского облучения в Российской Федерации существенно отличается от аналогичных показателей стран Евросоюза, в которых практически отсутствуют флюорографические исследования, а вклад компьютерной томографии в 2–5 раз выше, чем в нашей стране. В среднем коллективная доза от медицинского облучения в странах Европы на 80% формируется за счет компьютерной томографии и около 10% – за счет радионуклидной диагностики; средние эффективные дозы за рентгенорадиологическое исследование в 2–3 раза выше среднероссийских. Спрогнозирован дальнейший рост в Российской Федерации числа компьютерных томограмм, интервенционных и радионуклидных исследований и двойное повышение коллективной дозы от медицинского облучения за десятилетие как  за счет изменения структуры лучевой диагностики, так и за счет роста средних доз за рентгено-радиологические исследования. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Implementation of modern highly informative methods of X-ray diagnostics (computed tomography, interventional examinations, nuclear medicine), associated with the increase of doses to the public and patients, requires the development and improvement of the existing system of the radiation protection from medical exposure. Despite the prevalence of the traditional imaging modalities in the structure of X-ray diagnostics in the Russian Federation (radiography and fluorography compose up to 95% out of 280 mln. X-ray examinations performed in 2017), the major contribution into the collective dose from medical exposure is due to the computed tomography (50,5%). Comparison of the structure of X-ray diagnostics in the Russian Federation with European Union indicates the absence of fluorography examinations and significantly (up to a factor of 5) higher contribution of computed tomography in European countries. An average collective dose from medical exposure in European countries is composed of 80% of computed tomography and of 10% of nuclear medicine; a mean effective dose per X-ray examination are higher up to a factor of 3 compared to Russia. The analysis of the trends of the development of the X-ray diagnostic in the Russian Federation allows predicting a further increase of the number of computer tomography, interventional and nuclear medicine examinations as well as an increase of the collective dose from medical exposure up to a factor of two in the  next decade. This will be associated with changes in the structure of the X-ray diagnostics and an increase of the mean effective doses from X-ray examinations.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лучевая диагностика</kwd><kwd>коллективная доза</kwd><kwd>медицинское облучение</kwd><kwd>дозы облучения</kwd><kwd>эффективная доза</kwd><kwd>профилактические исследования</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>X-ray diagnostics</kwd><kwd>collective dose</kwd><kwd>medical exposure</kwd><kwd>patient doses</kwd><kwd>effective dose</kwd><kwd>health screening examinations</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Sources and Effects of Ionising Radiation. UNSCEAR 2008. Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes. – New York, UN-2010.-Volume I. – Annex A.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Sources and Effects of Ionising Radiation. UNSCEAR 2008. Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes. – New York, UN-2010.-Volume I. – Annex A.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization/Global initiative on Radiation Safety in Healthcare Settings. World Health Organization. Technical meeting report. Geneva, 2008, 100 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization/Global initiative on Radiation Safety in Healthcare Settings. World Health Organization. Technical meeting report, Geneva, 2008, 100 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization. Bonn call for action. International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization. 10 Action to Improve Radiation Protection in Medicine in the Next Decade: https://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/medical_radiation_exposure/BonnCallforAction2014.pdf (Дата обращения: 06.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization. Bonn call for action. International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization. 10 Action to Improve Radiation Protection in Medicine in the Next Decade. – Available on: https://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/medical_radiation_exposure/BonnCallforAction2014.pdf (Accessed: 06.02.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Публикация 103 Международной Комиссии по Радиационной Защите (МКРЗ) / пер. с англ., под общ. ред. М.Ф. Киселева, Н.К. Шандалы. – М.: Изд. ООО ПКФ «Алана», 2009. – 312 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ICRP Publication 103. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection: translation from English. Edited by M.F. Kiselev, N.K. Shandala. Мoscow, «Alana», 2009, 312 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Публикация 105 Международной Комиссии по Радиационной Защите (МКРЗ) / под редакцией Д. Валентина; редактор русского перевода М.И. Балонов. – СПб.: ФГУН НИИРГ, 2011. – 66 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ICRP, 2007. Radiological Protection in Medicine. ICRP Publication 105. Ann. ICRP 37 (6). (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Международное Агентство по Атомной Энергии. Радиационная защита и безопасность источников излучения: Международные основные нормы безопасности / Международное Агентство по Атомной Энергии // Серия норм МАГАТЭ по безопасности. – Вена, IAEA, 2015. – № GSR Part 3. – 518 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Atomic Energy Agency. Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards/International Atomic Energy Agency. International Basic Safety Standards – IAEA, Vienna, 2015, GSR Part 3, 518 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Atomic Energy Agency. Radiation Protection and safety in medical uses of ionizing radiation. International Atomic Energy Agency. Specific safety guide. Vienna, IAEA, 2018, №SSG-46, 340 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Atomic Energy Agency. Radiation Protection and safety in medical uses of ionizing radiation. International Atomic Energy Agency. Specific safety guide. Vienna, IAEA, 2018, №SSG-46, 340 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samei E. [et. al.] Medical Imaging Dose Optimization from Ground up: Expert Opinion of an International Summit. J. Radiol. Prot., Vol. 38(3), 2018, pp. 967-989.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samei E. [et. al.] Medical Imaging Dose Optimization from Ground up: Expert Opinion of an International Summit. J. Radiol. Prot., Vol. 38(3), 2018, pp. 967-989.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Järvinen H., Vassileva J., Samei E., Wallace A., Vano E. and Rehani M. Patient dose monitoring and the use of diagnostic reference levels for the optimization of protection in medical imaging: current status and challenges worldwide. Journal of Medical Imaging, 2017, Vol. 4(3), pp. 031214.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Järvinen H., Vassileva J., Samei E., Wallace A., Vano E. and Rehani M. Patient dose monitoring and the use of diagnostic reference levels for the optimization of protection in medical imaging: current status and challenges worldwide. Journal of Medical Imaging, 2017, Vol. 4(3), pp. 031214.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toma P. [et. al.] Radiation exposure in diagnostic imaging: wisdom and prudence, but still a lot to understand. Radiol. Med., 2017, Vol. 122, pp.215-220.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toma P. [et. al.] Radiation exposure in diagnostic imaging: wisdom and prudence, but still a lot to understand. Radiol. Med., 2017, Vol. 122, pp.215-220.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frush D.P., Perex M.D.R. Children, medical radiation and the environment: An important dialogue. Environmental Research, 2017, Vol. 156, pp. 358-363.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frush D.P., Perex M.D.R. Children, medical radiation and the environment: An important dialogue. Environmental Research, 2017, Vol. 156, pp. 358-363.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rehani M., Vassileva J. Survey of imaging technology and patient dose recording practice in developing countries. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, 2018, Vol. 181(3), pp. 240-245. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncy019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rehani M., Vassileva J. Survey of imaging technology and patient dose recording practice in developing countries. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, 2018, Vol. 181(3), pp. 240-245. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncy019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Järvinen H., Vassileva J, Samei E, Wallace A, Vano E, Rehani M. Patient dose monitoring and the use of diagnostic reference levels for the optimization of protection in medical imaging: current status and challenges worldwide. J Med Imaging, 2017, Vol. 4(3), pp. 312-314. doi: 10.1117/1.JMI.4.3.031214</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Järvinen H., Vassileva J, Samei E, Wallace A, Vano E, Rehani M. Patient dose monitoring and the use of diagnostic reference levels for the optimization of protection in medical imaging: current status and challenges worldwide. J Med Imaging, 2017, Vol. 4(3), pp. 312-314. doi: 10.1117/1.JMI.4.3.031214</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Результаты радиационно-гигиенической паспортизации в субъектах Российской Федерации за 2017 год: радиационно-гигиенический паспорт Российской Федерации. – М.: Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека, 2018. – 128 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Results of the 2017 radiation-hygienic passportisation in subjects of the Russian Federation: radiation-hygienic passport of the Russian-Federation. Moscow, Federal service of surveillance on consumer rights protection and human wellbeing, 2018, 128 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balonov M., Golikov V., Zvonova I., Chipiga L., Kalnitsky S., Sarycheva S., Vodovatov A. Patient doses from medical examinations in Russia: 2009–2015 J. Radiol. Prot., Vol. 38, pp. 121-140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6498/aa9b99</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balonov M., Golikov V., Zvonova I., Chipiga L., Kalnitsky S., Sarycheva S. and Vodovatov A. Patient doses from medical examinations in Russia: 2009–2015. J. Radiol. Prot., Vol. 38, pp. 121-140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6498/aa9b99</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балонов, М.И. Современные уровни медицинского облучения в России / М.И. Балонов, В.Ю. Голиков, И.А. Звонова, С.А. Кальницкий, В.С. Репин, С.С. Сарычева, Л.А. Чипига // Радиационная гигиена. – 2015. – Т.8. – №3. – С. 67-79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balonov M.I., Golikov V.Yu., Zvonova I.A., Kalnitsky S.A., Repin V.S., Sarycheva S.S., Chipiga L.A. Current levels of medical exposure in Russia. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene, 2015, Vol. 8(3), pp. 67-79. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zvonova I.A., Chipiga L.A. Trends on medical exposure and radiation protection in nuclear medicine in Russia. Proceedings of International Conference on Radiation Protection in Medicine: Achieving Change in Practice. Vienna, 2017. IAEA, book of contributions, pp. 188 – 192: https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/18/02/rpop-session4.pdf (Дата обращения: 06.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zvonova I.A., Chipiga L.A. Trends on medical exposure and radiation protection in nuclear medicine in Russia. Proceedings of International Conference on Radiation Protection in Medicine: Achieving Change in Practice. Vienna, 2017. IAEA, book of contributions, pp. 188 – 192. – Available on: https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/18/02/rpop-session4.pdf (Accessed: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чипига, Л.А. Уровни облучения пациентов и возможные пути оптимизации ПЭТ-диагностики в России / Л.А. Чипига, И.А. Звонова, Д.В. Рыжкова, М.А. Меньков, М.Б. Долгушин // Радиационная гигиена. – 2017. – Т.10. – №4. – С. 31-43: https://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2017-10-4-31-43 (Дата обращения: 06.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chipiga L.A., Zvonova I.A., Ryzhkova D.V., Menkov M.A., Dolgushin М.B. Levels of patients’ exposure and a potential for optimization of the pet diagnostics in the Russian Federation. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene, 2017, Vol. 10(4), pp. 31-43. (In Russian) – Available on: https://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2017-10-4-31-43 (Accessed: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chipiga L., Vodovatov A., Zvonova I., Bernhardsson C. Assessment of patient doses and possible approaches for implementation of optimization procedures in PET/CT examinations in the Russian Federation. Proceedings of the 13th international conference on «Medical Physics in the Baltic States» (Kaunas, 9-11 November 2017), 2017, рр. 36 – 40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chipiga L., Vodovatov A., Zvonova I., Bernhardsson C. Assessment of patient doses and possible approaches for implementation of optimization procedures in PET/CT examinations in the Russian Federation. Proceedings of the 13th international conference on «Medical Physics in the Baltic States» (Kaunas, 9-11 November 2017), 2017, pp. 36 – 40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chipiga L.A., Bernhardsson C. Patient doses in Computed Tomography examinations in two regions of the Russian Federation. Rad. Prot. Dos., 2016, Vol. 169(1-4), рр. 240-244.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chipiga L.A., Bernhardsson C. Patient doses in Computed Tomography examinations in two regions of the Russian Federation. Rad. Prot. Dos., 2016, Vol. 169(1-4), pp. 240-244.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тернова, С.К. Перспективы развития методов лучевой диагностики. Аналитический обзор / СК. Тернова, В.Е. Синицын: https://rosoncoweb.ru/library/radiodiagnostics/002.php (Дата обращения: 06.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ternovoy S.K., Sinitsyn V.E. Perspectives of the development of the methods of X-ray diagnostics. Analytical review. – Available on: https://rosoncoweb.ru/library/radiodiagnostics/002.php (Accessed: 06.02.2019) (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тернова, С.К. Развитие компьютерной томографии и прогресс лучевой диагностики / С.К. Тернова, В.Е. Синицын // Радиология-практика. – 2005. – №4. – С. 23-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ternovoy S.K., Sinitsyn V.E. Development of the computed tomography and the progress of X-ray diagnostics. Radiologypractice, 2005, Vol. 4, pp. 23-29. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маткевич, Е.И. Основные направления снижения дозы облучения пациентов при компьютерной томографии / Е.И. Маткевич, В.Е. Синицын, М.И. Зеликман, С.А. Кручинин, И.В. Иванов // REJR. – 2018. – Т.8. – №3. – С. 60-73. doi:10.21569/2222-7415-2018-8-3-60-73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matkevich E.I., Sinitsyn V.E., Zelikman M.I., Kruchinin S.A., Ivanov I.V. Main directions of reducing patient irradiation doses in computed tomography. REJR, 2018, Vol. 8 (3), pp. 60-73. DOI:10.21569/2222-7415-2018-8-3-60-73. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Breast Tomosynthesis. Considerations for Routine Clinical Use: http://www.wishmd.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/tomo-white-paper.pdf (Дата обращения: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breast Tomosynthesis. Considerations for Routine Clinical Use. – Available from: http://www.wishmd.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/tomo-white-paper.pdf (Accessed:</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ICRP, 2015. Radiological Protection in Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). ICRP Publication 129. Ann. ICRP 44(1).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">02.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dawood A., Patel S., Brown J. Cone beam CT in dental practice. Br Dent J., 2009, Vol. 207(1), рр.23-28. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2009.560.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ICRP, 2015. Radiological Protection in Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). ICRP Publication 129. Ann. ICRP 44(1).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Marneffe M., Milicevic M., Milicevic M. Cone Beam CT. New tool in diagnostic imaging. Rev Med Liege, 2017, Vol. 72(10), рр. 457-461.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dawood A., Patel S., Brown J. Cone beam CT in dental practice. Br Dent J., 2009, Vol. 207(1), pp. 23-28. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2009.560.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vetter S.Y., Steffen K., Swartman B. [et. al.] Influence of intraoperative conventional fluoroscopy versus cone beam CT on long-term clinical outcome in isolated displaced talar fractures. J Orthop Surg Res, 2019, Vol. 14(1), pp. 8. doi: 10.1186/s13018-018-1043-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Marneffe M., Milicevic M., Milicevic M. Cone Beam CT. New tool in diagnostic imaging. Rev Med Liege, 2017, Vol. 72(10), pp. 457-461.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goo H.W., Goo J.M. Dual-Energy CT: New Horizon in Medical Imaging. Korean J Radiol, 2017, Vol. 18(4), pp. 555-569. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2017.18.4.555</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vetter S.Y., Steffen K., Swartman B. [et. al.] Influence of intraoperative conventional fluoroscopy versus cone beam CT on long-term clinical outcome in isolated displaced talar fractures. J Orthop Surg Res, 2019, Vol. 14(1), pp. 8. doi: 10.1186/s13018-018-1043-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xie Z.Y., Chai R.M., Ding G.C., Liu Y., Ren K. T and N Staging of Gastric Cancer Using Dual-Source Computed Tomography. Gastroenterol Res Pract., 2018, Vol. 4, pp. 5015202. doi: 10.1155/2018/5015202</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goo H.W., Goo J.M. Dual-Energy CT: New Horizon in Medical Imaging. Korean J Radiol, 2017, Vol. 18(4), pp. 555-569. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2017.18.4.555</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greffier J., Pereira F.R., Viala P., Macri F., Beregi J.P., Larbi A. Interventional spine procedures under CT guidance: How to reduce patient radiation dose without compromising the successful outcome of the procedure? Phys Med., 2017, Vol. 35, pp. 88-96. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.02.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xie Z.Y., Chai R.M., Ding G.C., Liu Y., Ren K. T and N Staging of Gastric Cancer Using Dual-Source Computed Tomography. Gastroenterol Res Pract., 2018, Vol. 4, pp. 5015202. doi: 10.1155/2018/5015202</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Svahn T.M., Houssami N., Sechopoulos I., Mattsson S. Review of radiation dose estimates in digital breast tomosynthesis relative to those in two-view full-field digital mammography. The BREAST, 2015, Vol. 24(2), pp. 93–99.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greffier J., Pereira F.R., Viala P., Macri F., Beregi J.P., Larbi A. Interventional spine procedures under CT guidance: How to reduce patient radiation dose without compromising the successful outcome of the procedure? Phys Med., 2017, Vol. 35, pp. 88-96. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.02.016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helvie M.A. Digital Mammography Imaging: Breast Tomosynthesis and Advanced Applications. Radiol Clin North Am., 2010, Vol. 48(5), pp. 917–929.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Svahn T.M., Houssami N., Sechopoulos I., Mattsson S. Review of radiation dose estimates in digital breast tomosynthesis relative to those in two-view full-field digital mammography. The BREAST, 2015, Vol. 24(2), pp. 93–99.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Båth M., Svalkvist A., von Wrangel A., Rismyhr-Olsson H., Cederblad A. Effective dose to patients from chest examinations with tomosynthesis. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2010, Vol. 139(1-3), pp.153-8. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncq092</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helvie M.A. Digital Mammography Imaging: Breast Tomosynthesis and Advanced Applications. Radiol Clin North Am., 2010, Vol. 48(5), pp. 917–929.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murano T. [et. al.] Radiation exposure and risk–benefit analysis in cancer screening using FDG-PET: results of a Japanese nationwide survey. Ann Nucl Med, 2011, Vol. 25, pp. 657–666. doi: 10.1007/s12149-011-0511-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Båth M., Svalkvist A., von Wrangel A., Rismyhr-Olsson H., Cederblad A. Effective dose to patients from chest examinations with tomosynthesis. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2010, Vol. 139(1-3), pp.153-8. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncq092</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Padole A., Ali Khawaja R.D., Karla M., Singh S. CT radiation dose and iterative reconstruction techniques. American Journal of Roentgenology, 2015, Vol. 204, pp. 384-392. doi: 10.2214/AJR.14.13241</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murano T. [et. al.] Radiation exposure and risk–benefit analysis in cancer screening using FDG-PET: results of a Japanese nationwide survey. Ann Nucl Med, 2011, Vol. 25, pp. 657–666. doi: 10.1007/s12149-011-0511-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klink T., Obmann V., Heverhagen J., Stork A., Adam G., Begemann P. Reducing CT radiation dose with iterative reconstruction algorithms: the influence of scan and reconstruction parameters on image quality and CTDIvol. Eur J Radiol., 2014, Vol. 83(9), pp. 1645-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.05.033</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Padole A., Ali Khawaja R.D., Karla M., Singh S. CT radiation dose and iterative reconstruction techniques. American Journal of Roentgenology, 2015, Vol. 204, pp. 384-392. doi: 10.2214/AJR.14.13241</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Статус и перспективы развития ядерной медицины и лучевой терапии в России на фоне мировых тенденций (аналитическая справка). – 2008: www.oprf.ru/files/yad_medicine.doc (Дата обращения: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klink T., Obmann V., Heverhagen J., Stork A., Adam G., Begemann P. Reducing CT radiation dose with iterative reconstruction algorithms: the influence of scan and reconstruction parameters on image quality and CTDIvol. Eur J Radiol., 2014, Vol. 83(9), pp. 1645-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.05.033</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Романова, С. Ядерная медицина: состояние и перспективы развития / Романова С. // Remedium. – 2013. – Т. 6. – C. 8-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Status and perspectives of the development of the nuclear medicine and radiation therapy in Russia considering the international trends (analytical review). – 2008. – Available on: www.oprf.ru/files/yad_medicine.doc Last accessed 16.01.2019. (In Russian) (Accessed: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stasi G., Ruoti E.M. A Critical Evaluation in the Delivery of the Ultrasound Practice: The Point of View of the Radiologist. Italian Journal of Medicine, 2012, Vol. 9(1), рр. 5-10: https://doi.org/10.4081/itjm.2015.502 (Дата обращения: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romanova S. Nuclear medicine: current state and trends of development. Remedium, 2013, Vol. 6, pp. 8-20. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Электронный ресурс: https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/MRI/ucm482765.htm (Дата обращения: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stasi G.A., Ruoti E.M. Critical Evaluation in the Delivery of the Ultrasound Practice: The Point of View of the Radiologist. Italian Journal of Medicine, 2012, Vol. 9(1), pp. 5-10. – Available on: https://doi.org/10.4081/itjm.2015.502 (Accessed: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Commission. Medical Radiation Exposure of the European Population. European Commission. Radiation protection, 2014, № 180, Part ½, 181 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[On-line resource]: – Available on: https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/MRI/ucm482765.htm (Accessed: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hart D., Hilier M.C., Shrimpton P.C. HPA-CRCE-034 –Doses to Patients from Radiographic and Fluoroscopic X-ray Imaging Procedures in the UK – 2010 Review. Health Protection Agency, 2012, 87 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Commission. Medical Radiation Exposure of the European Population. European Commission. Radiation protection, 2014, № 180, Part ½, 181 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Онищенко, Г.Г. Радиационно-гигиеническая паспортизация и ЕСКИД – информационная основа принятия управленческих решений по обеспечению радиационной безопасности населения Российской Федерации. Сообщение 1. Основные достижения и задачи по совершенствованию / Г.Г. Онищенко, А.Ю. Попова, И.К. Романович, А.Н. Барковский, Т.А. Кормановская, И.Г. Шевкун // Радиационная гигиена. – 2017. – Т.10(3). – С. 7-17: https://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2017-10-3-7-17 (Дата обращения: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hart D., Hilier M.C., Shrimpton P.C. HPA-CRCE-034 – Doses to Patients from Radiographic and Fluoroscopic X-ray Imaging Procedures in the UK – 2010 Review. Health Protection Agency, 2012, 87 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Онищенко, Г.Г. Радиационно-гигиеническая паспортизация и ЕСКИД – информационная основа принятия управленческих решений по обеспечению радиационной безопасности населения Российской Федерации. Сообщение 2. Характеристика источников и доз облучения населения Российской Федерации / Г.Г. Онищенко, А.Ю. Попова, И.К. Романович, А.Н. Барковский, Т.А. Кормановская, И.Г. Шевкун // Радиационная гигиена. 2017. – Т.10(3). – С.18-35: https://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2017-10-3-18-35 (Дата обращения: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Onishchenko G.G., Popova A.Yu., Romanovich I.К., Barkovsky A.N., Kormanovskaya T.A., Shevkun I.G. Radiation-hygienic passportization and USIDC-information basis for management decision making for radiation safety of the population of the Russian Federation. Report 1. Main achievements and challenges to improve. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene, 2017, Vol.10(3), pp. 7-17. (In Russian): – Available on: https://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2017-10-3-7-17 (Accessed: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Водоватов, А.В. Практическая реализация концепции референтных диагностических уровней для оптимизации защиты пациентов при проведении стандартных рентгенографических исследований / А.В. Водоватов // Радиационная гигиена. – 2017. – Т.10(1). – С. 47-55: https://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2017-10-1-47-55 (Дата обращения: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Onishchenko G.G., Popova A.Yu., Romanovich I.К., Barkovsky A.N., Kormanovskaya T.A., Shevkun I.G. Radiation-hygienic passportization and USIDC-information basis for management decision making for radiation safety of the population of the Russian Federation Report 2: Characteristics of the sources and exposure doses of the population of the RF. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene, 2017, Vol.10(3), pp. 18-35. (In Russian): – Available on: https://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2017-10-3-18-35 (Accessed: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Водоватов, А.В. Анализ уровней облучения взрослых пациентов при проведении наиболее распространенных рентгенографических исследований в Российской Федерации в 2009–2014 гг. / А.В. Водоватов, В.Ю. Голиков, С.А. Кальницкий, И.Г. Шацкий, Л.А. Чипига // Радиационная гигиена. – 2017. – Т.10(3). – С. 66-75: https://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2017-10-3-66-75 (Дата обращения: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vodovatov A.V. Practical implementation of the diagnostic reference levels concept for the common radiographic examinations. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene, 2017, Vol.10(1), pp. 47-55. (In Russian): – Available on: https://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2017-10-1-47-55 (Accessed: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Водоватов, А.В. Определение коэффициентов перехода от произведения дозы на площадь к эффективной дозе для рентгеноскопических исследований желудка с бариевым контрастом для взрослых пациентов / А.В. Водоватов, В.Ю. Голиков, И.Г. Камышанская, К.В. Зинкевич, К. Бернхардссон // Радиационная гигиена. – 2018. – Т. 11(1). – С.93-100: ttps://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2018-11-1-93-100 (Дата обращения: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vodovatov A.V., Golikov V.Yu., Kalnitsky S.A., Shatsky I.G., Chipiga L.A. Evaluation of levels of exposure of adult patients from common radiographic examinations in the Russian Federation in 2009–2014. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene, 2017, Vol.10(3), pp. 66-75. (In Russian): – Available on: https://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2017-10-3-66-75 (Accessed 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bontrager K.L., Lampignano J.P. Textbook of radiographic positioning and related anatomy. Elsevier Mosby, 2014, 826 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vodovatov A.V., Golikov V.Yu., Kamyshanskaya I.G., Zinkevich K.V., Bernhardsson C. Estimation of the conversion coefficients from dose-area product to effective dose for barium meal examinations for adult patients. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene, 2018;11(1):93-100. (In Russian): – Available on: https://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2018-11-1-93-100 (Accessed: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Медицинская рентгенология: технические аспекты, клинические материалы, радиационная безопасность / под ред. Р.В. Ставицкого. – М.: Норма, 2003. – 344 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bontrager K.L., Lampignano J.P. Textbook of radiographic positioning and related anatomy. Elsevier Mosby, 2014, 826 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шумутко, Б.И. Стандарты диагностики и лечения внутренних болезней. 3-е изд./ Б.И. Шумутко, С.В. Макаренко. – СПб: «Элби-СПб», 2005. – 800 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medical X-ray diagnostics: technical aspects, clinical materials, radiation safety Ed. by R.V. Stavitsky. Moscow, Norma, 2003, 344 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eurostat: your key to the European statistics: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database (Дата обращения: 16.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shumutko B.I., Makarenko S.V. Standards of diagnostic and treatment of the internal diseases. 3d ed. Saint-Petersburg “Elbi-SPb”, 2005, 800 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голиков, В.Ю. Оценка доз облучения пациентов при проведении интервенционных рентгенологических исследований / В.Ю. Голиков, С.С. Сарычева, М.И. Балонов, С.А. Кальницкий // Радиационная гигиена. – 2009. – Т.2(3). – С. 26-31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eurostat: your key to the European statistics. – Available on: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database (Accessed: 09.02.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Health at a Glance 2017: OECD Indicators. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD Publishing, Paris, 2018, 220 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golikov V.Yu., Sarycheva S.S., Balonov M.I., Kalnitsky S.A. Уstimation of patients exposure under intervention radiological examinations. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene, 2009, Vol. 2(3), pp. 26-31. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement: lung cancer: screening/U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/lung-cancerscreening. (Дата обращения: 06.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Health at a Glance 2017: OECD Indicators. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD Publishing, Paris, 2018, 220 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iaccarino J.M., Clark J., Bolton R., Kinsinger L., Kelley M., Slatore C.G., Au D.H., Wiener R.S. A National Survey of Pulmonologists’ Views on Low-Dose Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc., 2015, Vol. 12(11), рр. 1667-75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement: lung cancer: screening. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. – Available on: www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/lung-cancer-screening. (Accessed: 06.02.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marshall H.M., Bowman R.V., Yang I.A., Fong K.M, Berg C.D. Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: a review of current status. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 2013, Vol. 5, рр. 524-539.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iaccarino J.M., Clark J., Bolton R., Kinsinger L., Kelley M., Slatore C.G., Au D.H., Wiener R.S. A National Survey of Pulmonologists’ Views on Low-Dose Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc., 2015, Vol. 12(11), рр. 1667-75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Марьяшева, Ю.А. Роль КТ-ангиографии в обследовании пациентов с предполагаемой ишемической болезнью сердца / Ю.А. Марьяшева, В.Е. Синицын, С.К. Терновой // Диагностическая и интервенционная радиология. – 2010. – Т. 4. – №1. – С. 67-73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marshall H.M., Bowman R.V., Yang I.A., Fong K.M, Berg C.D. Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: a review of current status. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 2013, Vol. 5, рр. 524-539.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vanhoenacker P.K., Heijenbrok-Kal M.H., Van Heste R. Decramer I., Van Hoe L.R., Wijns W., Hunink M.G. Diagnostic performance of multidetector CT angiography for assessment of coronary artery disease: meta-analysis. Radiology, 2007, Vol. 244, рр. 419–428.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maryasheva Ju.A., Sinitsyn V.E., Ternovoy S.K. The role of CT-angiography in the examination of the patients with the suspected coronary arteria disease. Diagnostic and interventional radiology, 2010, Vol. 4, № 1, pp. 67-73. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Московский скрининг рака легкого. [Электронный ресурс]: http://medradiology.moscow/ndkt (Дата обращения: 06.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vanhoenacker P.K., Heijenbrok-Kal M.H., Van Heste R. Decramer I., Van Hoe L.R., Wijns W., Hunink M.G. Diagnostic performance of multidetector CT angiography for assessment of coronary artery disease: meta-analysis. Radiology, 2007, Vol. 244, pp. 419–428.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Демография: http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/population/demography/# (Дата обращения: 06.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moscow lung cancer screening. – Available on: http://medradiology.moscow/ndkt (Accessed: 06.02.2019). (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Водоватов, А.В. Cовершенствование норм радиационной безопасности. Часть 1: целесообразность ограничения доз медицинского облучения практически здоровых лиц / А.В. Водоватов // Радиационная гигиена. – 2018. – Т.11(3). – С. 115-124: https://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2018-11-3-115-124 (Дата обращения: 06.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Federal service of the governmental statistics. Demography. – Available on: http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/population/demography/# (Accessed: 06.02.2019). (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karostik D.V., Kamyshanskaya I.G., Cheremisin V.M., Drozdov A.A, Vodovatov A.V. Evaluation of low-dose CT implementation for lung cancer screening in a general practice hospital. IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 2018, Vol. 967. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/967/1/012006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vodovatov A.V. Improvement of radiation safety standards. Part 1. Appropriateness of the limitation of the medical exposure of healthy individuals. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene, 2018, Vol.11(3), pp.115-124. (In Russian). – Available on: https://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2018-11-3-115-124 (Accessed: 06.02.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mazzone P.J. Silvestri G.A., Patel S., Kanne J.P., Kinsinger L.S., Wiener R.S., Soo Hoo G., Detterbeck F.C. Screening for Lung Cancer: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest, 2018, Vol.153 (4), рр. 954 – 985.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karostik D.V., Kamyshanskaya I.G., Cheremisin V.M., Drozdov A.A, Vodovatov A.V. Evaluation of low-dose CT implementation for lung cancer screening in a general practice hospital.IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 2018, Vol. 967. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/967/1/012006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim K.P., Einstein A.J., de Gonzalez A.B. Coronary artery calcification screening: estimated radiation dose and cancer risk. Archives of internal medicine, 2009, Vol. 169(13), рр. 1188-1194. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazzone P.J. Silvestri G.A., Patel S., Kanne J.P., Kinsinger L.S., Wiener R.S., Soo Hoo G., Detterbeck F.C. Screening for Lung Cancer: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest, 2018, Vol.153 (4), рр. 954 – 985.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim K.P., Einstein A.J., de Gonzalez A.B. Coronary artery calcification screening: estimated radiation dose and cancer risk. Archives of internal medicine, 2009, Vol. 169(13), рр. 1188-1194. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim K.P., Einstein A.J., de Gonzalez A.B. Coronary artery calcification screening: estimated radiation dose and cancer risk. Archives of internal medicine, 2009, Vol. 169(13), рр. 1188-1194. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
