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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">radhyd</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Радиационная гигиена</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-426X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2409-9082</issn><publisher><publisher-name>NIIRG</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21514/1998-426X-2019-12-2-6-24</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">radhyd-610</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные принципы обеспечения радиационной безопасности при использовании источников ионизирующего излучения в медицине. Часть 2. Радиационные риски и совершенствование системы радиационной защиты</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern principles of the radiation protection from sources of ionizing radiation in medicine. Part 2: radiation risks and development of the system of radiation protection</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Онищенко</surname><given-names>Г. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Onischenko</surname><given-names>G. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Онищенко Геннадий Григорьевич - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик Российской академии наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gennadiy G. Onischenko - Doctor of Medical Science, Professor, member of the Academy of Sciences</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Попова Анна Юрьевна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, руководитель Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna Yu. Popova - Doctor of Medical Science, Professor, Head RFSSCRPHW.</p><p> </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романович</surname><given-names>И. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanovich</surname><given-names>I. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Романович Иван Константинович - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент Российской академии наук, директор СПб НИИРГ им. профессора П.В. Рамзаева</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan K. Romanovich - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Corresponding member of the RAS, Director SPRIRH after Professor P.V. Ramzaev</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Водоватов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vodovatov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Водоватов Александр Валерьевич - кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией радиационной гигиены медицинских организаций, ведущий научный сотрудник.</p><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, д. 8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr V. Vodovatov - Head of Medical Protection Laboratory, Leading Researcher.</p><p>Mira str., 8, St. Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vodovatoff@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Башкетова</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bashketova</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Башкетова Наталия Семеновна - руководитель Управления</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nataliya S. Bashketova - Head of the Directorate FSSCRPHWB in Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Историк</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Istorik</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga A. Istorik - Head of the Directorate FSSCRPHWB in the Leningrad Region</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чипига</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chipiga</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чипига Лариса Александровна - научный сотрудник лаборатории радиационной гигиены медицинских организаций</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Larisa A. Chipiga - Researcher, Medical protection laboratory</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шацкий</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shatsky</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шацкий Илья Геннадьевич - научный сотрудник лаборатории радиационной гигиены медицинских организаций</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Iliya G. Shatsky - Researcher, Medical protection laboratory</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сарычева</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sarycheva</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сарычева Светлана Сергеевна - старший научный сотрудник лаборатории радиационной гигиены медицинских организаций</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana S. Sarycheva - Senior Scientific Researcher</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Библин</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Biblin</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Библин Артём Михайлович - руководитель информационно-аналитического центра - старший научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artem M. Biblin - Head of Information Analytical Center</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Репин</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Repin</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Репин Леонид Викторович - младший научный сотрудник информационно-аналитического центра</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leonid V. Repin - Junior Researcher of Information Analytical Center</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская академия наук; Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Academy of Sciences; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Service of Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being; Russian Medical Academy of the Continuous Professional Education, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт радиационной гигиены имени профессора П.В. Рамзаева Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene after Professor P.V. Ramzaev, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Управление Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека по городу Санкт-Петербургу</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Service of Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being in St-Petersburg</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Управление Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека по Ленинградской области</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Service of Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being in Leningrad region</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>24</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Онищенко Г.Г., Попова А.Ю., Романович И.К., Водоватов А.В., Башкетова Н.С., Историк О.А., Чипига Л.А., Шацкий И.Г., Сарычева С.С., Библин А.М., Репин Л.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Онищенко Г.Г., Попова А.Ю., Романович И.К., Водоватов А.В., Башкетова Н.С., Историк О.А., Чипига Л.А., Шацкий И.Г., Сарычева С.С., Библин А.М., Репин Л.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Onischenko G.G., Popova A.Y., Romanovich I.K., Vodovatov A.V., Bashketova N.S., Istorik O.A., Chipiga L.A., Shatsky I.G., Sarycheva S.S., Biblin A.M., Repin L.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.radhyg.ru/jour/article/view/610">https://www.radhyg.ru/jour/article/view/610</self-uri><abstract><p>В соответствии с Указом Президента Российской Федерации от 13.10.2018 г. № 585, основными направлениями обеспечения радиационной безопасности населения Российской Федерации при использовании источников ионизирующего излучения в медицине являются гармонизация отечественных нормативно-методических документов с международными рекомендациями, а также разработка новых и совершенствование существующих методов оценки индивидуальных доз облучения пациентов и соответствующих им рисков развития радиационных раков. Данная работа посвящена обоснованию комплекса мероприятий по недопущению необоснованного облучения населения страны при использовании источников ионизирующего излучения в медицинских целях. Для этого был выполнен анализ существующих отечественных и зарубежных подходов к оценке радиационных рисков от медицинского облучения и результатов имеющихся эпидемиологических исследований; оценены риски от наиболее распространенных и/или высокодозовых рентгенорадиологических исследований (компьютерная томография, интервенционные исследования, ядерная медицина) для взрослых пациентов и детей. Показано, что данные исследования относятся к категориям «низкого» и «умеренного» радиационного риска. Уровень пожизненного радиационного риска заболеваемости злокачественными новообразованиями в Российской Федерации для компьютерной томографии составляет 1 случай на 3—30 тыс. исследований. Выполненный анализ существующих зарубежных регулирующих и нормативно-методических документов показал наличие существенных различий в практике радиационной защиты в медицине. Так, в зарубежной практике особое внимание уделяется практической реализации принципа обоснования путем применения критериев обоснования назначения рентгенорадиологических исследований и различных методов риск-коммуникации с пациентами. Широко используется принцип оптимизации, основанный на концепции референтных диагностических уровней и программах обеспечения качества проведения рентгенорадиологических исследований. При этом основной объем мероприятий по снижению доз облучения пациентов и повышению качества диагностических изображений выполняется на уровне медицинских организаций медицинскими физиками совместно с медицинским персоналом и производителями оборудования для лучевой диагностики. Отдельно следует отметить отсутствие ограничения доз облучения практически здоровых лиц при проведении скрининговых исследований. По итогам сравнения отечественной и зарубежных практик радиационной защиты в медицине были разработаны как общие, так и частные (по отдельным видам лучевой диагностики) основные направления совершенствования системы радиационной защиты пациентов и персонала. Данные направления целесообразно реализовать на практике в виде комплексной программы по оптимизации радиационной защиты населения Российской Федерации при использовании источников ионизирующего излучения в медицинских целях. Такая программа может быть разработана и реализована при взаимодействии Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека и Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>According to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation №585, 13.10.2018, the main approaches to the provision of the radiation safety of the public of the Russian Federation from the use of the sources of ionizing radiation in medicine are the harmonization of the national legislative documents with the international recommendations and the development of the new and improvement of the existing methods of the assessment of the individual patient doses and corresponding radiation risks. The current study was aimed at the justification of the complex of actions to prevent the unnecessary medical exposure of the Russian population. That required to analyze the existing national and international approaches to the assessment of the radiation risks from medical exposure and the results of the existing epidemiological studies, as well as to assess the risks from the most common and/or high dose X-ray examination (computed tomography, interventional examinations, nuclear medicine) for pediatric and adult patients. It was indicated, that these examinations correspond to the “Low” and “Moderate” radiation risk categories. The level of the lifetime radiation risk of cancer morbidity in the Russian Federation for the computed tomography was estimated as 1 case per 3-30 thousand examinations. The performed analysis of the existing international regulatory and methodical documents indicated the significant differences in the practice of the radiation protection in medicine. International practice is mainly based on the practical application of the principle of justification by using the X-ray examination referral guidelines and various methods of risk communication with patients. Main actions to reduce the patient doses and to improve the diagnostic image quality are performed on the hospital level by medical physicists in collaboration with medical staff and representatives of the vendor. It should be noted that dose limits are not applied to the exposure of healthy individuals from screening X-ray examinations. Based on the results of the comparison of the national and international practices of the radiation protection in medicine, both general and specific (for different X-ray modalities) recommendations for the improvement of the system of the radiation protection of the patients and staff were developed. These recommendations should be implemented on practice in the form of the complex program of the optimization of the radiation protection of the public of the Russian Federation from medical exposure. This program can be developed and implemented through the collaboration of the Federal Service of Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being and the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лучевая диагностика</kwd><kwd>радиационный риск</kwd><kwd>оптимизация</kwd><kwd>обоснование</kwd><kwd>обеспечение качества</kwd><kwd>защита пациентов от медицинского облучения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>X-ray diagnostics</kwd><kwd>radiation risk</kwd><kwd>optimization</kwd><kwd>justification</kwd><kwd>quality assurance</kwd><kwd>protection of the patients from medical exposure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тенденции развития, структура лучевой диагностики и дозы медицинского облучения / Г.Г. Онищенко, А.Ю. Попова, И.К. Романович, А.В. Водоватов, Н.С. Башкетова, О.А. 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