<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">radhyd</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Радиационная гигиена</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-426X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2409-9082</issn><publisher><publisher-name>NIIRG</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21514/1998-426X-2022-15-1-68-79</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">radhyd-853</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Scientific articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка радиационных рисков облучения пациентов при проведении мультисрезовой спиральной компьютерной томографии на основе эффективных доз</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Risk assessment based on effective patient radiation doses during multislice spiral computed tomography</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зарединов</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaredinov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зарединов Дамир Арифович – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, главный радиолог</p><p>100004, Ташкент, Шайхонтохурский район, ул. Навои</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zaredinov Damir Arifovich – DSc, professor, Chief radiologist</p><p>Navoi ul., 4, Shayxontoxurskiy rayon, Tashkent, 100004</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zda_medic@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ли</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Li</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ли Марина Владимировна – кандидат медицинских наук, руководитель научно-исследовательской радиологической лаборатории Центра развития профессиональной квалификации медицинских работников</p><p>Ташкент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina V. Li – PhD, head of the scientific research radiological laboratory</p><p>Tashkent</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Министерство здравоохранения Республики Узбекистан</institution><country>Узбекистан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan</institution><country>Uzbekistan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр развития профессиональной квалификации медицинских работников Министерства здравоохранения Республики Узбекистан</institution><country>Узбекистан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Center for the Development of Professional Qualifications of Medical Workers of the Health Ministry</institution><country>Uzbekistan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>68</fpage><lpage>79</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зарединов Д.А., Ли М.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зарединов Д.А., Ли М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zaredinov D.A., Li M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.radhyg.ru/jour/article/view/853">https://www.radhyg.ru/jour/article/view/853</self-uri><abstract><p>Научная статья посвящена актуальной проблеме современной медицины – оценке радиационного риска пациентов при проведении мультисрезовой спиральной компьютерной томографии в Республике Узбекистан. За период 2017–2020 гг. количество компьютерно-томографических исследований выросло с 175 000 до 375 000 (в 2 раза), выросла и коллективная доза от компьютерной томографии с 987,5 до 2482,6 чел.-Зв (в 2,5 раза). В ходе исследования были рассчитаны эффективные дозы облучения пациентов и оценены риски. Исследования проводились в медицинских учреждениях на компьютерных томографах различных моделей. Были проанализированы протоколы обследования 1126 взрослых пациентов. Эффективные дозы у пациентов мультисрезовой спиральной компьютерной томографии различных анатомических областей рассчитывались по значению DLP. Затем проводилась их сравнительная оценка. Оценка радиационного риска была выполнена на основе эффективной дозы с использованием номинальных коэффициентов риска МКРЗ. По результатам исследований установлено, что при обследовании области головы эффективные дозы пациентов находились в диапазоне от 1,3 ±0,3 до 1,9 ± 0,2 мЗв, области шеи – от 1,3 ± 0,3 до 2,4 ± 0,3 мЗв, области груди – от 5,3 ± 0,7 до 6,6 ± 1,9 мЗв, живота – от 7,0 ± 1,0 до 8,8 ± 1,6 мЗв, малого таза – от 7,8 ± 1,0 до 10,8 ± 2,5 мЗв. Радиационный риск для здоровья взрослых пациентов от КТ-сканирования находился в диапазоне 10-4–10-3. Результаты исследования показали, что эффективные дозы существенно отличаются друг от друга в зависимости от анатомической области исследования пациентов. Наибольшие дозы радиации человек получает при обследовании области таза и живота, а меньшие – при обследовании области головы. Разница в значениях эффективных доз при исследовании одних и тех же анатомических частей тела человека, в основном, зависела от веса пациентов, длины исследуемой анатомической области, модели компьютерного томографа.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The scientific article is devoted to the actual problem of modern medicine – the exposure of the public during multislice spiral computed tomography in the Republic of Uzbekistan. For the period 2017-2020 the number of computed tomography procedures increased from 175000 to 375000 (by a factor of 2), there was an increase in the collective dose from computed tomography from 987,5 to 2482,6 man-Sv (2.5 times). During the study the patient effective doses were calculated and the risks were assessed. The research work was carried out in medical institutions on CT units from different vendors. The examination protocols of 1126 adult patients were analyzed. The patient effective doses during MSCT of various anatomical regions were calculated from the DLP value and their comparative assessment was carried out. The radiation risk assessment was carried out on the basis of the effective dose using the nominal ICRP risk coefficients adjusted for age-related radiosensitivity. According to the results of the studies, it was found that when examining the head area, the effective doses of patients ranged from 1.3 ± 0.3 to 1.9 ± 0.2 mSv, the neck area – from 1.3 ± 0.3 to 2.4 ±0.3 mSv, the chest area – from 5.3 ± 0.7 to 6.6 ± 1,9 mSv, abdomen – from 7.0 ± 1.0 to 8.8 ± 1.6 mSv, small pelvis – from 7.8 ± 1.0 to 10.8 ± 2.5 mSv. The lifetime risk of long-term stochastic effects for the health of a patient from 18 to 65 years old was in the range of 10-4 – 10-3. The results of the study showed that the effective doses differ significantly from each other depending on the anatomical area of study of the patients. A person receives the highest doses of radiation when examining the pelvic and abdominal area, and smaller ones when examining the head area. The difference in the values of effective doses in the study of the same anatomical parts of the human body mainly depended on the weight of the patients, the length of the studied anatomical area, the model of the computer tomograph.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мультисрезовая спиральная компьютерная томография</kwd><kwd>рентгеновский компьютерный томограф</kwd><kwd>ионизирующее излучение</kwd><kwd>медицинское диагностическое облучение</kwd><kwd>доза облучения пациентов</kwd><kwd>эффективная доза</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multislice spiral computed tomography</kwd><kwd>X-ray computed tomography</kwd><kwd>medical diagnostic radiation</kwd><kwd>radiation dose of patients</kwd><kwd>effective dose</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samei E., Pelc N.J. Computed Tomography: Approaches, Applications, and Operations. Springer: Switzerland, 2020. 469 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samei E, Pelc NJ. Computed Tomography: Approaches, Applications, and Operations. Springer: Switzerland; 2020. 469 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEA human health series № 19: Quality Assurance Programme for Computed Tomography: Diagnostic and Therapy Applications. IAEA: Vienna, 2012. 192 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEA human health series № 19: Quality Assurance Programme for Computed Tomography: Diagnostic and Therapy Applications. IAEA: Vienna; 2012. 192 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беркович Г.В., Чипига Л.А., Водоватов А.В., Труфанов Г.Е. Сравнение различных подходов к оценке диагностического качества компьютерной томографии органов грудной клетки // Лучевая диагностика и терапия. 2020. Т. 11, № 3. С. 44-55. https://doi.org/10.22328/2079-5343-2020-11-3-44-55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berkovich GV, Chipiga LA, Vodovatov AV, Trufanov GYe. Comparison of the different approaches to assessing the diagnostic quality of computed tomography of the chest organs. Radiation diagnostics and therapy. 2020; 11(3): 44-55. https://doi.org/10.22328/2079-5343-2020-11-3-44-55 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беркович Г.В., Чипига Л.А., Водоватов А.В., и др. Оптимизация низкодозового протокола сканирования органов грудной клетки в диагностике очагов по типу «матового стекла» с применением алгоритмов итеративных реконструкций // Лучевая диагностика и терапия. 2019. Т. 10, № 4. С. 20–32. https://doi.org/10.22328/2079-5343-2019-10-4-20-32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berkovich GV, Chipiga LA, Vodovatov AV, Silin AYu, Karatetsky AA, Trufanov GYe. Optimization of a low-dose chest scanning protocol in the diagnosis of ground-glass lesions using iterative reconstruction algorithms. Luchevaya diagnostika i terapiya = Radiation diagnostics and therapy. 2019;10(4): 20-32. https://doi.org/10.22328/2079-5343-2019-10-4-20-32 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Котляров П.М., Сергеев Н.И., Солодкий В.А., Солдатов Д.Г. Мультиспиральная компьютерная томография вранней диагностики пневмонии, вызванной SARS-CoV-2 // Russian Pulmonology Journal. 2020. Т. 30, № 5. С. 561-568. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2020-30-5-561-568</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotlyarov PM, Sergeev NI, Solodkiy VA, Soldatov DG. Multislice computed tomography in early diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Russian Pulmonology Journal. 2020;30(5): 561-68. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2020-30-5-561-568 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Котляров П.М. Постпроцессинговая обработка данных мультиспиральной компьютерной томографии в уточненной диагностике патологических изменений при диффузных заболеваниях легких // Пульмонология. 2017. Т. 27, № 4. С. 472–477. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2017-27-4-472-477.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotlyarov PM. Post-processing processing of multispiral computed tomography data in the refined diagnosis of pathological changes in diffuse lung diseases. Pulmonologiya = Pulmonology. 2017;27(4): 472–477. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2017-27-4-472-477 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Котляров П.М., Юдин А.Л., Георгиади С.Г. Дифференциальная рентгенодиагностика диффузных заболеваний легких. Часть 2 // Медицинская визуализация. 2004. № 1. С. 34–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotlyarov PM, Yudin AL, Georgiadi SG. Differential X-ray diagnostics of diffuse lung diseases. Part 2. Медицинская визуализация =Medical imaging. 2004; 1: 34–40 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Марусина М.Я., Казначеева А.О. Современные виды томографии. Учебное пособие. СПб: СПбГУ ИТМО, 2006. 132 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marusina MYa, Kaznacheeva AO. Modern types of tomography. Textbook. Saint Petersburg: St-Petersburg GU; 2006. 132 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Commission. Radiation protection № 180 part, 1/2. Medical Radiation Exposure of the European Population. European Commission: Luxembourg, 2014. 181 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Commission. Radiation protection № 180 part, 1/2. Medical Radiation Exposure of the European Population. European Commission: Luxembourg; 2014. 181 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">OECD Indicators. Health at a Glance 2019: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing. Paris, 2019. 243 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">OECD Indicators. Health at a Glance 2019: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing. Paris; 2019. 243 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. UNSCEAR Report, 2008. No 1. P. 32-34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. UNSCEAR Report. 2008;1: 32-34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голиков В.Ю., Чипига Л.А., Водоватов А.В., Сарычева С.С. Дополнения и изменения в оценке эффективных доз внешнего облучения пациентов при медицинских исследованиях // Радиационная гигиена. 2019. Т. 12, № 43. С. 49-64. https://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2019-12-3-120-132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golikov VYu, Chipiga LA, Vodovatov AV, Sarycheva SS. Additions and changes in the assessment of effective doses of external exposure to patients in medical research. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene. 2019;12(43): 120-132. https://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2019-12-3-120-132</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кащеев В.В., Пряхин Е.А. Медицинское диагностическое облучение: проблема радиационной безопасности // Радиация и риск. 2018. Т. 27, № 4. С. 49–64. DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2018-27-4-49-64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kashcheev VV, Pryakhin YeA. Medical diagnostic exposure: the problem of radiation safety. Radiatsiya i risk = Radiation and risk. 2018;27(4): 49–64. DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2018-27-4-49-64 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mattson S. Need for individual cancer risk estimates in X-ray and nuclear medicine imaging // Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2016. Vol. 169, No 1. P. 11-16. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw034.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mattson S. Need for individual cancer risk estimates in X-ray and nuclear medicine imaging. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2016;169(1): 11-16. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голиков В.Ю. Оценка рисков медицинского облучения на основе данных радиационно-гигиенической паспортизации в субъектах Российской Федерации // Радиационная гигиена. 2015. Т. 8, № 4. С. 4–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golikov VYu. Assessment of the risks of medical exposure based on the data of radiation-hygienic certification in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene. 2015;8(4): 4–6 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дружинина П.С., Чипига Л.А., Рыжков С.А., и др. Современые подходы к обеспечению качества диагностики в компьютерной томографии // Радиационная гигиена. 2021. Т. 14, № 1. С. 17-33. DOI: 10.21514/1998-426X-2021-14-1-17-33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Druzhinina PS, Chipiga LA, Ryzhkov SA, Vodovatov AV, Berkovich GV, et al. Modern approaches to ensuring the quality of diagnostics in computed tomography. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene. 2021;14(1):17-33. DOI: 10.21514/1998-426X-2021-14-1-17-33 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чипига Л.А. Сравнение расчетных методов определения эффективной и органных доз у пациентов при компьютерно-томографических исследованиях // Радиационная гигиена. 2017. Т. 10, № 1. С. 56-64. DOI: 10.21514/1998-426Х-2017-10-1-56-64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chipiga LA. Comparison of calculated methods for determining effective and organ doses in patients with computed tomography studies. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene. 2017;10(1): 56-64. DOI: 10.21514/1998-426Х-2017-10-1-56-64 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Performance of Evaluation of Computed Tomography Systems // The report of AAPM N233. 2019. 71 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Performance of Evaluation of Computed Tomography Systems. The report of AAPM N233; 2019. 71 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Atomic Energy Agency. Radiation Protection and Safety in Medical Uses of Ionizing Radiation. Specific Safety Guide №SSG-46. Vienna: IAEA, 2018. 318 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Atomic Energy Agency. Radiation Protection and Safety in Medical Uses of Ionizing Radiation. Specific Safety Guide №SSG-46. Vienna: IAEA; 2018. 318 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ICRP Publication №60 1991. Annals of the ICRP. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Published for the International Commission on Radiological Protection by Elsevier.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ICRP Publication №60 1990. Annals of the ICRP. The 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">EC. Radiation Protection 154. European guidance on estimating population doses from medical x-ray procedures. European Communities. Brussels, Luxembourg, 2008. P. 90-96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">EC. Radiation Protection 154. European guidance on estimating population doses from medical x-ray procedures. European Communities. Brussels, Luxembourg; 2008. P. 90-96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">NRPB. Shrimpton P.C. Dose for computed tomography (CT). Examinations in UK – 2003 Review. Document NRPB-W67. Chilton, 2005. P. 103-107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">NRPB. Shrimpton PC. Dose for computed tomography (CT). Examinations in UK – 2003 Review. Document NRPB-W67. Chilton; 2005:103-107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chipiga L.A., Vodovatov A.V., Golikov V.Yu., et al. Potential for the establishment of national CT diagnostic reference levels in the Russian Federation. Proceedings of International Conference on Radiation Protection in Medicine: Achieving Change in Practice. Vienne; 2017. IAEA, book of сontributions. URL: https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/18/02/rpopsession2.pdf (Дата обращения: 08.11.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chipiga LA, Vodovatov AV, Golikov VYu, et al. Potential for the establishment of national CT diagnostic reference levels in the Russian Federation. Proceedings of International Conference on Radiation Protection in Medicine: Achieving Change in Practice. Vienne; 2017. IAEA, book of сontributions. Available on: https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/18/02/rpopsession2.pdf [Accessed November 08, 2021].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kanal K.M., Butler P.F., Sengupta D., et al. U.S. Diagnostic Reference Levels and Achievable Doses for 10 Adult CT Examinations // Radiology. 2017. Vol. 284, No 1. P. 120–133.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanal KM, Butler PF, Sengupta D, Bhargavan-Chatfield M, Coombs LP, Morin RL. U.S. Diagnostic Reference Levels and Achievable Doses for 10 Adult CT Examinations. Radiology. 2017;284(1): 120–133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
