radhydРадиационная гигиенаRadiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene1998-426X2409-9082NIIRG10.21514/1998-426X-2022-15-2-95-107radhyd-876Research ArticleРадиационные измеренияRadiation measuRementsМощность амбиентного эквивалента дозы от 137Cs и природных радионуклидов в одноэтажных жилых домах в населенных пунктах Брянской области в 2020–2021 гг.Ambient dose equivalent rate from 137Cs and natural radionuclides in one-story residential buildings in settlements of the Bryansk region in 2020–2021РамзаевВ. П.RamzaevV. P.

  кандидат медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории внешнего облучения 

197101, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, д. 8

 

 Candidate of Medical Sciences, Leading Researcher of the Laboratory ofExternal Exposure

Mira Str., 8, Saint-Petersburg, 197101, Russia 

V.Ramzaev@mail.ruБарковскийА. Н.BarkovskyA. N.

 руководитель Федерального радиологического центра, главный научный сотрудник 

Санкт-Петербург

 Head of the Federal Radiological Centre 

 Saint-Petersburg 

БратиловаА. А.BratilovaA. A.

 научный сотрудник лаборатории внутреннего облучения  

Санкт-Петербург

 Research Fellow of Internal Radiation Laboratory  

 Saint-Petersburg 

Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт радиационной гигиены имени профессора П.В. Рамзаева, Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человекаРоссияSaint-Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene after Professor P.V. Ramzaev, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human WellbeingRussian Federation20222606202215295107Copyright © Рамзаев В.П., Барковский А.Н., Братилова А.А., 20222022Рамзаев В.П., Барковский А.Н., Братилова А.А.Ramzaev V.P., Barkovsky A.N., Bratilova A.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.radhyg.ru/jour/article/view/876

Метод полевой (in situ) гамма-спектрометрии был использован для раздельного определения мощности амбиентного эквивалента дозы от 137Cs и от природных радионуклидов внутри помещений в населенных пунктах, расположенных в зонах радиоактивного загрязнения после Чернобыльской аварии. Измерения с помощью портативного сцинтилляционного гамма-спектрометра-дозиметра были проведены в летний период 2020–2021 гг. в 115 индивидуальных одноэтажных жилых домах в 46 населенных пунктах Брянской области России. По официальным данным, плотность загрязнения почвы 137Cs в этих населенных пунктах варьировала от 27 до 533 кБк/м2. По типу строительных материалов, использованных для возведения стен, обследованные дома были разделены на три группы: деревянные (стены сложены из бревен) – 51 строение, каменные (стены построены из кирпича и/или бетонных панелей) – 34 строения, каркасно-щитовые – 30 строений. Дома последнего типа имели стены, собранные из деревянных щитов с включением теплоизолирующего материала. Снаружи стены щитовых домов были обложены одним слоем силикатного (белого) кирпича. 70 домов были построены до аварии, а 37 – после аварии. В 8 случаях достоверно установить время строительства не удалось. Общая мощность амбиентного эквивалента дозы находилась в диапазоне от 42 до 228 нЗв/ч (средняя = 77 нЗв/ч). Значения мощности амбиентного эквивалента дозы от природных радионуклидов варьировали от 27 до 122 нЗв/ч. Средние значения мощности амбиентного эквивалента дозы от природных радионуклидов в группах деревянных, щитовых и каменных домов составили 42, 42 и 58 нЗв/ч соответственно. Различия между каменными и щитовыми домами были статистически значимыми (P < 0,01). Также статистически значимыми являлись различия в измеренных мощностях доз между каменными и деревянными домами (P < 0,01). Средние значения мощности амбиентного эквивалента дозы от 137Cs, нормированные на плотность загрязнения почвы 137Cs, в группах всех деревянных, щитовых и каменных домов равнялись 0,13, 0,16 и 0,05 (нЗв/ч)/(кБк/м2) соответственно. Значения нормализованной мощности амбиентного эквивалента дозы от 137Cs в группе каменных домов были статистически значимо (P < 0,01) меньше соответствующих значений для групп деревянных домов и щитовых домов. Небольшие различия между щитовыми и деревянными домами также оказались статистически значимы (P < 0,05). Медианные и средние величины нормализованной мощности амбиентного эквивалента дозы от 137Cs для домов, возведенных до аварии, были меньше, чем таковые для домов, которые были построены после аварии. Эти различия во всех трех группах домов были статистически значимы (P < 0,01). Полученные в настоящем исследовании средние величины нормализованной мощности амбиентного эквивалента дозы от 137Cs и мощности амбиентного эквивалента дозы от природных радионуклидов можно использовать для оценки дозы облучения человека в случае его нахождения внутри одноэтажного жилого дома. При этом следует учитывать не только тип строительных материалов, использованных для возведения дома, но и время его строительства: до или после Чернобыльской аварии.

Method of in situ gamma-ray spectrometry was used to discriminate contributions of 137Cs and natural radionuclides to ambient dose equivalent rate indoors in settlements located in the zones of radioactive contamination after the Chernobyl accident. The measurements using a portable scintillation gamma spectrometer-dosimeter were carried out in 115 individual one-story residential buildings in 46 settlements of the Bryansk region of Russia in the summer period of 2020–2021. According to official data, the average density of soil contamination with 137Cs in the settlements ranged from 27 to 533 kBq/m2. Based on the type of building materials that had been used to construct the walls, the surveyed houses were divided into three large groups: wooden (walls made of logs) – 51 buildings, stone (walls built of bricks and/or concrete panels) – 34 buildings, and frame-panel – 30 buildings. The latter had walls constructed of wooden panels with the inclusion of heat-insulating material. Outside, the walls of the frame-panel houses were lined with a layer of silicate (white) bricks. 70 houses were built before the accident and 37 – after the accident. In eight cases it was not possible to reliably estimate the period of construction. The total ambient dose equivalent rate ranged from 42 to 228 nSv/h (average = 77 nSv/h). The values of the ambient dose equivalent rate from natural radionuclides were in the range 27–122 nSv/h. The average values of the ambient dose equivalent rate from natural radionuclides in the groups of wooden, frame-panel, and stone houses were 42, 42 and 58 nSv/h, respectively. The difference between stone houses and panel houses was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The same difference was found between stone houses and wooden houses (P < 0.01). The average values of the ambient dose equivalent rate from 137Cs, normalized to the density of soil contamination with 137Cs, were 0.13, 0.16, and 0.05 (nSv/h)/(kBq/m2) in wooden, frame-panel, and stone houses, respectively. The normalized ambient dose equivalent rates from 137Cs in the group of stone houses were statistically significantly (P < 0.01) lower compared to the corresponding values for the groups of wooden houses and frame-panel houses. The small differences between frame-panel and wooden houses turned out to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). The median and mean values of the normalized ambient dose equivalent rate from 137Cs for houses built before the accident were lower compared to those for houses built after the accident. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01) for all groups of houses. The mean values of the normalized ambient dose equivalent rate from 137Cs and the ambient dose equivalent rate from natural radionuclides obtained in this study can be used to estimate the external effective dose to a person staying inside a one-story residential building. In this case, one should take into account not only the type of building materials used to construct the house, but also the time period of the construction: before or after the Chernobyl accident.

жилой домЧернобыльская авария137Csприродные радионуклидымощность амбиентного эквивалента дозыin situгамма-спектрометрияresidential buildingChernobyl accident137Csnatural radionuclidesambient dose equivalent ratein situgamma-ray spectrometryФинансирование работы осуществлялось по контракту № 0173100001419000019 с Роспотребнадзором.The work was financed under contract No. 0173100001419000019 with Rospotrebnadzor.ReferencesГоликов В.Ю. Дозиметрия внешнего облучения населения: сравнение аварий на Чернобыльской АЭС и АЭС «Фукусима-1» // Радиационная гигиена. 2020. Т.13, № 1. С. 27–37.Golikov VYu. Dosimetry of external population exposure: a comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents. Radiatsionnaya gygiena = Radiation Hygiene. 2020;13(1): 27–37. (In Russian)Roed J., Lange C., Andersson K.G., et al. Decontamination in a Russian settlement. RISØ National Laboratory report Risø-R-870 (EN). RISØ National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark. 1996.Roed J, Lange C, Andersson KG, Prip H, Olsen S, Ramzaev VP, et al. Decontamination in a Russian settlement. RISØ National Laboratory report Risø-R-870 (EN). RISØ National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark. 1996.Roed J., Andersson K.G., Barkovsky A.N., et al. Mechanical decontamination tests in areas affected by the Chernobyl accident. RISØ National Laboratory report Risø-R-1029 (EN). RISØ National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark. 1998.Roed J, Andersson KG, Barkovsky AN, Fogh CL, Mishine AS, Olsen S, et al. Mechanical decontamination tests in areas affected by the Chernobyl accident. RISØ National Laboratory report Risø-R-1029 (EN). RISØ National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark. 1998.Golikov V., Balonov M.I., Jacob P. External exposure of the population living in areas of Russia contaminated due to the Chernobyl accident // Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2002. Vol. 41. P. 185–193.Golikov V, Balonov MI, Jacob P. External exposure of the population living in areas of Russia contaminated due to the Chernobyl accident. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2002;41: 185–193.Ramzaev V., Yonehara H., Hille R., et al. Gamma-dose rates from terrestrial and Chernobyl radionuclides inside and outside settlements in the Bryansk Region, Russia in 1996–2003 // Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2006. Vol. 85. P. 205–227.Ramzaev V, Yonehara H, Hille R, Barkovsky A, Mishine A, Sahoo S, et al. Gamma-dose rates from terrestrial and Chernobyl radionuclides inside and outside settlements in Bryansk region, Russia in 1996–2003. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2006;85: 205–227.Bernhardsson C., Hörnlund M., Vodovatov A., Mattsson S. Variation in gamma dose rate in different locations following the Chernobyl accident. In D. Adliene (Ed.). Medical Physics in the Baltic States: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Medical Physics. 2013. P. 127–130. Kaunas University of Technology Press. URL: http://www.medphys.lt/medphys2013/ (Дата обращения 30.01.2022).Bernhardsson C, Hörnlund M, Vodovatov A, Mattsson S. Variation in gamma dose rate in different locations following the Chernobyl accident. In D. Adliene (Ed.), Medical Physics in the Baltic States: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Medical Physics. 2013. P. 127–130. Kaunas University of Technology Press. Available on: http://www.medphys.lt/medphys2013/ (Accessed 30 January 2022).Golikov V.Yu. Analysis of the long-term dynamics of external doses of the population after the Chernobyl accident // Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene. 2018. Vol. 11, No. 4. P. 39–50.Golikov VYu. Analysis of the long-term dynamics of external doses of the population after the Chernobyl accident. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene. 2018;11(4): 39–50.Beck H.L., Condon W.J., Lowder W.M. Spectrometric techniques for measuring environmental gamma radiation. Health and Safety Laboratory New York Operations Office. AEC New York, New York. 1964.Beck HL, Condon WJ, Lowder WM. Spectrometric techniques for measuring environmental gamma radiation. Health and Safety Laboratory New York Operations Office. AEC New York, New York. 1964.Beck H.L., DeCampo J., Gogolak C. In situ Ge (Li) and NaI (Tl) gamma-ray spectrometry. USDOE Report HASL-258. 1972.Beck HL, DeCampo J, Gogolak C. In situ Ge(Li) and NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometry. USDOE Report HASL-258. 1972.ICRU – International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Gamma-Ray Spectrometry in the Environment. ICRU report: 53, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 1994.ICRU – International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Gamma-Ray Spectrometry in the Environment. ICRU report: 53, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 1994.Clouvas A., Xanthos S., Antonopoulos-Domis M. Extended survey of indoor and outdoor terrestrial gamma radiation in Greek urban areas by in situ gamma spectrometry with a portable Ge detector // Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2001. Vol. 94, No. 3. P. 233–246.Clouvas A, Xanthos S, Antonopoulos-Domis M. Extended survey of indoor and outdoor terrestrial gamma radiation in Greek urban areas by in situ gamma spectrometry with a portable Ge detector. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2001;94(3): 233–246.Cinar H., Altundas S. A preliminary indoor gamma-ray measurements in some of the buildings at Karadeniz Technical University (Trabzon, Turkey) Campus Area // Eastern Anatolian Journal of Science. 2015. Vol. 1, No. 1. P. 10–19.Cinar H, Altundas S. A preliminary indoor gamma-ray measurements in some of the buildings at Karadeniz Technical University (Trabzon, Turkey) Campus Area. Eastern Anatolian Journal of Science. 2015;1(1): 10–19.Svoukis E., Tsertous H. Indoor and outdoor in situ high-resolution gamma radiation measurements in urban areas of Cyprus // Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2007. Vol. 123, No. 3. P. 384–390.Svoukis E, Tsertous H. Indoor and outdoor in situ high-resolution gamma radiation measurements in urban areas of Cyprus. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2007;123(3): 384–390.Ogura K., Hosoda M., Tamakuma Y., et al. Discriminative measurement of absorbed dose rates in air from natural and artificial radionuclides in Namie Town, Fukushima Prefecture // International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021. Vol. 18. P. 978.Ogura K, Hosoda M, Tamakuma Y, Suzuki T, Yamada R, Negami R, et al. Discriminative measurement of absorbed dose rates in air from natural and artificial radionuclides in Namie Town, Fukushima Prefecture. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18: 978.ATOMTEX. Спектрометр МКС AT6101ДР. URL: https://atomtex.com/ru/spektrometr-mks-at6101dr (Дата обращения: 17.03.2022).ATOMTEX. Spectrometer AT6101DR. Available on: https://atomtex.com/en/at6101dr-spectrometer. (Accessed 17 March 2022). (In Russian)Ramzaev V., Barkovsky A., Bernhardsson C., Mattsson S. Calibration and testing of a portable NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometer-dosimeter for evaluation of terrestrial radionuclides and 137Cs contributions to ambient dose equivalent rate outdoors // Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene. 2017. Vol. 10, No. 1. P. 18–29.Ramzaev V, Barkovsky A, Bernhardsson C, Mattsson S. Calibration and testing of a portable NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometer-dosimeter for evaluation of terrestrial radiopossible to reliably estimate the period of construction. The total ambient nuclides and 137Cs contributions to ambient dose equivalent rate outdoors. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene. 2017;10(1): 18–29.Ramzaev V., Bernhardsson C., Barkovsky A., et al. A backpack γ-spectrometer for measurements of ambient dose equivalent rate, H*(10), from 137Cs and from naturally occurring radiation: the importance of operator related attenuation // Radiation Measurements. 2017. Vol. 107. P. 14–22.Ramzaev V, Bernhardsson C, Barkovsky A, Romanovich I, Jarneborn J, Mattsson S, et al. A backpack γ-spectrometer for measurements of ambient dose equivalent rate, H*(10), from 137Cs and from naturally occurring radiation: the importance of operator related attenuation. Radiation Measurements. 2017;107: 14–22.Ramzaev V., Bernhardsson C., Dvornik A., et al. Calculation of the effective external dose rate to a person staying in the resettlement zone of the Vetka district of the Gomel region of Belarus based on in situ and ex situ assessments in 2016–2018 // Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2020. Vol. 214–215. P. 106168.Ramzaev V, Bernhardsson C, Dvornik A, Barkovsky A, Vodovatov A, Jönsson M, et al. Calculation of the effective external dose rate to a person staying in the resettlement zone of the Vetka district of the Gomel region of Belarus based on in situ and ex situ assessments in 2016–2018. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2020;214–215: 106168.Брук Г.Я., Романович И.К., Базюкин А.Б., и др. Средние годовые эффективные дозы облучения в 2017 году жителей населенных пунктов Российской Федерации, отнесенных к зонам радиоактивного загрязнения вследствие катастрофы на Чернобыльской АЭС (для целей зонирования населенных пунктов) // Радиационная гигиена. 2017. Т. 10, № 4. С. 73–78.Bruk GYa, Romanovich IK, Bazyukin AB, Bratilova AA, Vlasov AYu, Gromov AV, et al. The average annual effective doses for the population in the settlements of the Russian Federation attributed to zones of radioactive contamination due to the Chernobyl accident (for zonation purposes), 2017. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene. 2017;10(4): 73–78. (In Russian).Рамзаев В.П., Барковский А.Н., Братилова А.А. Мощность амбиентного эквивалента дозы и плотность загрязнения почвы 137Cs на огородах в населенных пунктах Брянской области России в 2020–2021 гг. // Радиационная гигиена. 2021. Т. 14, № 4. С. 85–95.Ramzaev VP, Barkovsky AN, Bratilova AA. Ambient dose equivalent rate and soil contamination density with 137Cs in kitchen gardens in settlements of the Bryansk region, Russia in 2020–2021. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene. 2021;14(4): 85–95. (In Russian).Ramzaev V.P., Barkovsky A.N. On the relationship between ambient dose equivalent and absorbed dose in air in the case of large-scale contamination of the environment by radioactive cesium // Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene. 2015. Vol. 8, No. 3. P. 6–20.Ramzaev VP, Barkovsky AN. On the relationship between ambient dose equivalent and absorbed dose in air in the case of large-scale contamination of the environment by radioactive cesium. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene. 2015;8(3): 6–20.UNSCEAR – United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes. United Nations, New York. 2000.UNSCEAR – United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes. United Nations, New York. 2000.Golikov V., Wallström E., Wöhni T., et al. Evaluation of conversion coefficients from measurable to risk quantities for external exposure over contaminated soil by use of physical human phantoms // Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2007. Vol. 46. P. 375–382.Golikov V, Wallström E, Wöhni T, Tanaka K, Endo S, Hoshi M. Evaluation of conversion coefficients from measurable to risk quantities for external exposure over contaminated soil by use of physical human phantoms. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2007;46: 375–382.Wessa P. Spearman Rank Correlation (v1.0.3) in Free Statistics Software (v1.2.1). Office for Research Development and Education. 2017. URL: https://www.wessa.net/rwasp_spearman.wasp (Дата обращения 30.01.2022).Wessa P. Spearman Rank Correlation (v1.0.3) in Free Statistics Software (v1.2.1). Office for Research Development and Education. 2017. Available on: https://www.wessa.net/rwasp_spearman.wasp (Accessed 30 January 2022).Автоматический расчет U-критерия Манна-Уитни. URL: https://www.psychol-ok.ru/statistics/mann-whitney/mannwhitney_02.html (Дата обращения 30.01.2022).Automatic calculation of the Mann-Whitney U-test. Available on: https://www.psychol-ok.ru/statistics/mann-whitney/mann-whitney_02.html (Accessed 30 January 2022). (In Russian).Балонов М.И., Голиков В.Ю., Пархоменко В.И., Пономарев А.В. Дезактивация населенных пунктов Брянской области после аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС // Радиационная гигиена. 2014. Т. 7, № 1. С. 5–15.Balonov MI, Golikov VYu, Parkhomenko VI, Ponomarev AV. Decontamination of localities in the Bryansk region after the Chernobyl accident. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene. 2014;7(1): 5–15. (In Russian).Ramzaev V., Barkovsky A., Mishine A., Andersson K.G. Decontamination tests in the recreational areas affected by the Chernobyl accident: efficiency of decontamination and long-term stability of the effects // Journal of the Society for Remediation of Radioactive Contamination in the Environment. 2013. Vol. 1, No. 2. P. 93–107.Ramzaev V, Barkovsky A, Mishine A, Andersson KG. Decontamination tests in the recreational areas affected by the Chernobyl accident: efficiency of decontamination and long-term stability of the effects. Journal of the Society for Remediation of Radioactive Contamination in the Environment. 2013;1(2): 93–107.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.