JUSTIFICATION FOR THE RADIOLOGICAL CRITERIA FOR THE USE OF AREAS WITH RESIDUAL RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION BASED ON THE DOSE APPROACH

The article presents a methodology for assessing the radiological criteria for the use of the territory (a land plot with buildings) with residual radioactive contamination from the so-called “green area”, i.e., complete release from radiation control until a number of restrictions are imposed on the use of the territory. In accordance with the further use of the territory, a range of scenarios and pathways for the exposure of the population was considered. A set of models and their parameters, corresponding to the number of the considered pathways of exposure, was defined. Assuming a uniform distribution of a radionuclide with a unit concentration in the source zone, the distribution of effective doses for the population living in the territory with the residual radioactive contamination for different irradiation scenarios was calculated by stochastic modeling, 95% of the quantile of which was attributed to the dose in the representatives of the critical population group. Next, the value of radiological criteria, depending on the implemented scenario, was determined as the ratio of the dose constraint E_L = 0,3 mSv/yr and 95% quantile in the distribution of the effective dose from a unit contamination. The numerical values of radiological criteria for the presence of radionuclides in the soil are presented, both for the radiation scenarios that correspond to the permanent residence of the population in the contaminated territory and for recreational use. A further consideration is given to the so-called worker scenario, which corresponds to the limited time spent on the contaminated territory and the simultaneous effects of radionuclides contained both in the soil and in the construction of the buildings. A comparison of the results of the own calculations with the data of other authors was carried out.

decommissioning of installations, the radiological criterion for site release, exposure scenario, exposure pathways, stochastic modeling, effective dose

1. IAEA Safety Standards Series. The release of Sites from Regulatory Control on Termination of Practices. Safety guide № WS-G-5.1. Vienna, 2008, 42 p. (in Russian).

2. Rehabilitation and exemption from control. B: Issues of nuclear legacy and ways to solve them. Decommissioning. Ed.: Bolshov L.A., Laverov N.P., Linge I.I. Мoscow, 2015, 316 p. (in Russian).

3. Releasing the Sites of Nuclear Installations. A Status Report. NEA No 6187. – OECD, 2006

4. OECD. NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY. Nuclear Site Remediation and Restoration during Decommissioning of Nuclear Installations. A Report by the NEA Co-operative Programme on Decommissioning. NEA № 7192. OECD. 2014.

5. Determining Cleanup Goals at Radioactively Contaminated Sites: Case Studies. April 2002. Prepared by The Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council Radionuclides Team.

6. IAEA Safety Standards for protecting people and environment. Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards. General Safety Requirements. Part 3 No GSR Part 3. Vienna, 2014, 436 p. (in Russian).

7. Romanovich I.K. Scientific substantiation of approaches to organization and conducting radiation surveys at the rehabilitated radiation sites. Radiatsionnaya gygiena = Radiation Hygiene, 2017, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 99-102. DOI: 10.21514/1998-426Х-2017-10-3-90-102. (in Russian).

8. Official site RESRAD Family of Codes. – Available on: http://web.ead.anl.gov/resrad – (Accessed: November 11, 2017).

9. ICRP, 1991. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60. Ann. ICRP 21 (1-3). (in Russian).

10. Official site Oracle Crystal Ball. – Available on: http://www.oracle.com/crystalball – (Accessed: November 12, 2017).

11. Eckerman K.F., Rymon J.C. External exposure to radionuclides in Air, Water, and Soil. Federal Guidance Report No.12. Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC 20460 (1993).

12. International commission on radiological protection, Nuclear Decay Data for Dosimetric Calculations (CD data base), ICRP Publication 107, Ann ICRP, 2008 Vol.38, № 3.

13. ICRP. Conversion Coefficients for Radiological Protection Quantities for External Radiation Exposures. ICRP Publication 116 -2010 – Ann. ICRP 40 (2–5).

14. Golikov V., Wallström E., Wöhni T., Tanaka K., Endo S. and Hoshi M. (2007) Evaluation of conversion coefficients from measurable to risk quantities for external exposure over contaminated soil by use of physical human phantoms. Radiation Environ. Biophys., 46, No. 4, pp. 375-382.

15. Golikov V.Yu., Balonov M.I., and Ponomarev A.V. Estimation of external gamma radiation doses to the population after the Chernobyl accident. In: Chernobyl Papers, vol. 1, 1993, pp. 247-288.

16. Golikov V., Balonov M., Erkin V., Jacob P. (1999) Model validation for external doses due to environmental contamination by the Chernobyl accident. Health Physics, v. 77, No. 6, pp. 654-661.

17. Golikov V.Yu., Balonov M.I., Jacob P. (2002) External Exposure of the Population Living in Areas of Russia Contaminated due to the Chernobyl Accident. Radiat. Environ. Biophysics, 41, Nr. 10, pp. 185-193.

18. Salinas I.C.P., [et al.] (2006) Gamma Shielding Factor for Typical Houses in Brazil, Radiation Protection Dosimetry 121:420–424.

19. Barr C., Schmidt D., Sherbini S. Development of Site-Specific Shielding Factors for Use in Radiological Risk Assessments, Waste Management Conference, Phoenix, AZ, March 7–11, 2010.

20. Charley Yu, Sunita Kamboj, Cheng Wang, and Jing-Jy Cheng. Data Collection Handbook to Support Modeling Impacts of Radioactive Material in Soil and Building Structures. ANL/EVS/TM-14/4, September 2015.

21. Anspaugh L.R., [et al.]. «Evaluation of the Resuspension Pathway toward Protective Guidelines for Soil Contamination with Radioactivity», presented at the International Atomic Energy Agency. World Health Organization Symposium on Radiological Safety Evaluation of Population Doses and Application of Radiological Safety Standards to Man and the Environment, Portoraz, Yugoslavia, May 20–24, 1974.

22. User’s Manual for RESRAD Version 6. – Available on: http://www.doe.gov/bridge (Accessed: November 12, 2017).

23. IAEA – International Atomic Energy Agency. Technical reports series no. 472. Handbook of parameter values for the prediction of radionuclide transfer in terrestrial and freshwater environments. IAEA. 2010.

24. Report (final) under the state contract between SaintPetersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene after Professor P.V. Ramzaev with Rospotrebnadzor No. 8-D of May 29, 2013, “Analysis and comprehensive assessment of changes in the radiation situation in the territories of Kaluga, Kurgan, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions affected by radioactive contamination, for assessing exposure doses to the population and preparing lists of the settlements, referred to the zones of radioactive contamination” (in Russian).

25. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). Recommended Screening Limits for Contaminated Surface Soil and Review of Factors Relevant to Site-Specific Studies, NCRP Report No. 129, Bethesda, Maryland. 1999.

26. Schmidt D.W., Kottan J.J., McKenney C.A., Schneider S. Consolidated NMSS Decommissioning Guidance. Characterization, Survey, and Determination of Radiological Criteria. Final Report. NUREG-1757, Vol.2. September 2003. Research articles 22 Vol. 10 № 4, 2017 Radiation hygiene

27. Peres A.C. and Hiromoto G. Determination of Screening Level for Soil Radioactive Contamination. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Soils, Sediments, Water and Energy. Vol. 12. Article 21. January 2010. – Available on: http://scholarworks.umass.edu/soilsproceedings/vol12/iss1/21 (Accessed: 10 November, 2017).

28. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Distribution of Memorandum of Understanding between EPA and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, OSWER No. 9295.8-6a, EPA, Washington, D.C. 2002.

29. Yu C., Cheng J-J., Kamboj S., Domotor S., Wallo A. Preliminary Report on Operational Guidelines Developed for Use in Emergency Preparedness and Response Dispersal Device Incident. DOE/HS-0001 ANL/EVS/TM/09-1 Interim Final. February 2009.