The paper presents data on the role and results of activities of Rospotrebnadzor bodies and institutions in the field of ensuring population radiation protection during various periods since accident at the Chernobyl NPP. Radiation hygienic characterization of territories affected by radioactive contamination from the accident, population exposure dose range, issues of ensuring radiological well-being of population and ways of their solution are being presented in the paper.

The article contains radiation and hygienic evaluation of situation on the territories of Kaluga region, affected by the Chernobyl NPP accident immediately after the accident and in the present time. The results of radiation monitoring of environmental objects, food, drinking water as well as individual and collective exposure doses of population of affected territories and liquidators are presented. The set of measures aimed at the reduction of harmful affect of Chernobyl accident on the health of Kaluga region population is being proposed.

The article contains analysis of activities of Centers of State Sanitary and Epidemiological Inspection in Orel region during the first days after the Chernobyl NPP accident and consecutive years. The results of multi-year radiation and hygienic monitoring on the territory of Orel region are presented; efficiency of various measures of exposure dose reduction for the population of Orel region is analyzed.

The paper contains brief summary of original and published radiological data relevant to the sites of peaceful underground nuclear explosions: «Globus-1»,«Dnepr-1,2», «Crystal», «Kraton-3», «Kraton-1», «Kimberlit-1», «Angara», «Quartz-3», «Benzol».The criteria for the guaranties of radiation safety for general public are considered.

The article contains results of public opinion assessment of the radiation hazard due to consequences of two accidental peaceful nuclear explosions: Globus-1 in the Ivanovo region and Dnepr-1, Dnepr-2 in the Murmansk region. Results of query poll reveal that population knows about peaceful nuclear explosions that were done many years ago near their settlement. Radiation hazard and territory contamination due to these events is estimated by population as rather high. This public opinion is reflected in the information about consequences of peaceful nuclear explosions presented in the Internet and local printed mass media, especially due to consequences of accidental peaceful nuclear explosion Globus-1.

Two-level monitoring system of individual internal exposure doses has been created in the RCRM MSA (Research Centre for Radiation Medicine of Medical Sciences Academy of Ukraine) and works nowadays. It includes whole body counters complex and single methodical and metrological support. It allows implementing both mass prompt screening of inhabitants (including the unique WBC-net support all over Ukraine) and deep advanced research for critical groups of population, patients recorded in radiation registry, NPP staff.

Paper describes the computer system, which was developed for the purposes of the retrospective dosimetry of internal exposure by specialists of the Radiation Protection Institute of Academy of Technological Sciences of Ukraine. The system gives tools for analysis and interpretation of biophysical measurements, for reconstruction of intakes and related doses of the internal exposure. The main aim of the system is retrospective estimation of the doses of internal exposure from single acute or multiple intakes of radionuclides on the base of the bioassay and whole body counter measurements.

Alpha spectrometry approach using solid state nuclear track detectors  of CR-39 type is considered within the energy range 4-6 MeV. Experimental information obtaining stages are described from solid state nuclear track detectors  irradiation procedure to follow analysis of individual tracks. Results of plutonium isotopes contained samples and dependence of minimal detectible activity from exposure time and spike (tracer) activity for nuclide are presented.

The study results of radioactive contamination of medicinal herbs with 137 Cs in some Gomel region districts bordering on the territory of Bryansk region of Russia are given.
168 plants of 88 species belonging to 76 genuses and 37 families and 16 soil samples have been analyzed. The most contaminated with 137 Cs medicinal herbs were found out in Chechersk and Vetka districts. Local contamination with radionuclide is typical for Dobrush and Korma districts of Gomel region.
Safe use of medicinal herbs by the population is possible only under radiological control.

In the present overview we analyze the available data concerning residues from non-nuclear industries which contain naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). We consider their quantity, radiation properties, placement, utilization, regulatory and management.