The article presents the analysis of literature data and the results of the authors' twenty-year research work characterizing the psychological strain level of population living at territories contaminated after a radiation accident. The following factors were studied: radiation danger subjective estimates, radiation protection knowledge level, information sources and their confidence level, population information needs. The population has low level of radiation knowledge, so do some medical workers. The research has resulted in the design of the optimal information system for population of such territories for long terms after the accident, considering the key factors that have an impact on negative radiation accident social and psychological consequences forming.

The paper presents methodology of the internal dose reconstruction from I-131 and caesium radionuclides received by population of Russia after the Chernobyl accident. The direct measurements of radionuclides content in a human body were the most relevant data for internal dose reconstruction. Assessment of radionuclides intake with food products was considered as the second priority and application of radioecological models as the third priority when measurement data were absent.

The article contains analysis of the instrument, technological and human resources provisions for radioisotope diagnostic departments. The decrease of the number of radioisotope examinations in Russia, amount of apparatus and specialists in this field of diagnostics is recorded. The operation time of the major part of apparatus is more then 20 years, this results in higher dose loads both for personnel and patients. The article demonstrates that reduction of the amount of apparatus and specialists is going with increased speed in comparison with reduction of the amount of radioisotope diagnostic examinations. This unfavorable trend creates increased workload on apparatus, and, especially, on the personnel of radioisotope diagnostic departments.

The present work is devoted to an analysis of the data on dynamics of 137Cs and 90Sr transfer factors in the most critical (during different time periods after the radioactive fallout) links of the food chain that are necessary for assessing current internal doses for population and for reconstruction and long-term forecast of these doses.

The ceramic industry widely uses zirconium materials with an increased amount of natural radionuclides. The external irradiation gives a major contribution to the dose of exposure of workers in this branch of industry. The contribution of dust radiation factor at various stages of the production technology is mainly given by a dispersiveness of used materials. The contribution of radon isotopes to the exposure of workers is about 0.1 mSv/year. When traditional zirconium raw materials are used, the doze of natural exposure of workers in the modern industry usually does not exceed 1 mSv/year. The necessity of the industrial radiation control is caused by a wide range of natural radionuclides content in zirconium materials, the peculiarities in the production technology etc.

Exposure doses estimations from plutonium isotopes are given for population living on the territories of Bryansk region contaminated after the Chernobyl accident. For calculations model representations of the plutonium migration in the system soil-man are used. Effective dose from inhalation intake of resuspended activity for population and agricultural machine operators (critical group) is investigated. It is shown that expected annual effective dose due to dust lifting from the contaminated ground surface doesn't exceed 5 µSv for population and 30 µSv for agricultural machine operators (for 1992). Exposure doses were additionally estimated basing on autopsy material radiochemical analysis, which permitted to obtain plutonium isotopes concentration in the organs and tissues of inhabitants of contaminated territories. It was established that annual effective dose from plutonium acquired in 1986-1992 is about 25 µSv.

An analysis is presented of the joint activities of the Institute and State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision bodies aimed on the city citizens' dose from natural exposure decreasing in the term of the last decade. Estimation of the dynamics of Saint-Petersburg citizens' dose from natural exposure sources for the mentioned period is obtained basing on the generalization of the data from radiation-hygienic passports and forms of Federal statistic supervision № 4-DOS. Positive dynamics of the decreasing of city citizens dose from natural exposure sources is demonstrated, which could be considered as unbiased criteria of the efficiency of Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision bodies activities aimed on population radiation protection providing.

The conducted comparative analysis of the medical exposure of the population of Russian Federation and one of its administrative territories reveals the leading importance for the medical exposure reduction of the renewing of X-ray equipment and the methods of the patient dose determining and the regulation of X-ray investigations. The introduction of the instrumental control methods predetermines comparatively low doses from medical exposure for the population of the Tatarstan Republic.

Chernobyl accident has influenced greatly all spheres of life of the affected territories, changing the life-style of the local population. [1, 2]. Investigation of the radionuclides behavior in natural conditions becomes more and more important which is connected with the fact that radionuclides are drawn into substances rotation and are actively accumulated by the plants and animals, that means that they become integral link of the food chains and are of a great importance in the functioning of the ecosystems. Deposition of radionuclides in the forest system is often higher than in agricultural arrears. Specific ecological features of the forests often lead to the high degree of accumulation of contaminating radionuclides. Organic matter high content in the forest soil and its stability increase the transfer of radionuclides from soil into plans which lead to high content of radionuclides in lichens, mosses, mushrooms and berries. Radionuclides transfer to game in such conditions could bring to the situation when some people actively consuming game meet will be highly exposured.

Abroad and in Russia there exist the practices of discharge of liquids, which maintain radionuclides in reservoirs. In order to ensure radiation protection of environment and population such discharge must be carried out under control. For carrying out of the control it is necessary to determine the value of acceptable discharge of radionuclides into reservoir with consideration of specific conditions and to supervise the actual value of discharge. The value of acceptable discharge of radionuclide into reservoir depends on such parameters as its volume and rate of the water pour off.