The report states priority goals of sanitary and epidemiological service and shows the analysis of the Service's administrative reforms and structural changes from 1991 to 2007. It considers the existing regulatory and legal background on all aspects of hygiene and epidemiology as well as the Concept of the Federal Service Development. It analyses the work of Rospotrebnadzor  bodies in ensuring of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, including current state of population radiation protection in Russian Federation.

Published data and the author's own research results on the application of immunologic methods to the problems of industrial and public radiation hygiene, hygienic standardization, etc. are summarized and analyzed. Data are presented on the effect of low doses of the ionizing irradiation for the estimation of the health quality at low doses of irradiation as one of the most important problems of the theory and practice of the radiation hygiene. The high radiosensitivity of a series of immunologic indices is demonstrated, as well as the importance of their changes for the formation of pathologic states, stochastic and nonstochastic consequences of the irradiation.

In the Sanitary Rules SR 2.6.1.1292-03 and SR 2.6.6.1169-02 classification of the industrial waste containing naturally occurring radioactive materials is adopted in accordance to the values of their effective specific activity Aeff. In a case of the disturbed equilibrium in 238U and 232Th series it is necessary to take into consideration actual contribution of the separate natural radionuclides of the mentioned series into the value of gamma dose rate of the waste. This will permit to avoid unjustified overestimating or understating of the waste category which prevents as unjustified expenditures on their treating so undertaking of the necessary measures providing radiation safety.

The present work is devoted to an analysis of the regularities of 137Cs accumulation by forest mushrooms after the Chernobyl accident and the role of physical-chemical soil characteristics and climate characteristics in the formation of radioactive contamination of mushrooms of different biological types. For the analysis of obtained results, database, containing the values of about 500 measurements of 137Cs concentration in mushroom samples was used.  Aggregated transfer factor (Tag) was used as a parameter of radionuclide migration from soil to mushroom.Quantitative relationship between 137Cs Tag from soil to different species of mushrooms and soil properties was obtained as regression equations with respect to the most closely correlated parameters.

The article regards the perspectives of microfocus X-ray equipment implementation in the medical X-ray diagnostics. It demonstrates the advantages of suggested equipment in comparison with traditional X-ray diagnostic machines with the big focus in the terms of dental X-ray diagnostics. The article shows the significant patient's exposure doses reduction with improving of diagnostic quality of the obtained images. It emphasizes the need of the regulatory basis of the enhancement for microfocus machines application in X-ray diagnostics.

The article gives the main interaction trends of the Administration of Rospotrebnadzor in the Leningrad Region and the Government of Leningrad Region regarding issues of regional radiation protection. It reports on comprehensive measures devoted to the limitation of the population exposure from natural irradiation sources, monitoring of territories which suffered from Chernobyl NPP accident and monitoring of the environmental impact of unauthorized dumps and solid municipal waste sites in the Leningrad Region. It presents the basic issues of medical exposure limitation in the Leningrad Region and measures for their solving.

ICRP Publication 103 was issued in November, 2007.  The new approaches of ICRP to maintenance radiation protection are formulated in this publication. These recommendations are the further development of the previous document - the ICRP 60 Publication. The new data, allowing to specify or reconsider quantitative protection criteria have appeared after 1990. ICRP suggests to use a number of new ideas and concepts as base principles of radiation protection maintenance. Taking into account that the standard of radiating safety of Russia (RSSR) [3] which is used in Russian Federation since 1999 have been developed in a view of the 60 publication and other international publications, and also in a view of national experience of radiation safety maintenance. It is very important to study and comprehend innovations of ICRP, and also to estimate an opportunity and an acceptability of their realization by development of new edition of RSSR. In the first and second parts of present article the review of the new ICRP Recommendations and some judgments concerning an opportunity of the refraction of Publication ICRP positions in the future RSSR is given.

There are considered radio-ecological problems connected with utilization of the ships of nuclear-technological service (NTS). The conception of phase-in ships salvaging are suggested.  There are presented elaborated by the Institute and introduced by FMBA standard-methodical base of medico-hygienic securing of salvaging nuclear submarines and the NTS ships.

A short sketch of history of radiation hygiene formation as a scientific discipline is presented, its conventional directions are outlined, and the perspectives of development are pointed out. Examples of co-operation of scientists and specialists in health protection practice in the field of radiation hygiene are presented.

The characteristic of a modern medical exposure of the population is submitted. The features of the using of ionizing irradiation sources in medicine, including patients' exposure doses, are presented. The medicine exposure of the critical groups of the population, including children and women, is considered. The accent is made on most dose forming kinds of X-ray examinations: computed tomography, special and intervention researches and also nuclear medicine. The aspects of wide use of ionizing radiation sources in medicine are mentioned: in mass screening photofluorography X-ray and in dental practice. The necessity of amplification of radiation protection for light potential increase of medical exposure is shown at the technological revolution. The main attention is given to pharmacological protection of patients.