P.V.Ramzaev”

The article is devoted to the actual issues ofRussian Federationpopulation radiation safety providing at the present stage. The important role of radiation-hygienic passportization is underlined in the process of the obtaining of objective information of radiation situation in the country, of population exposure doses from the all sources: artificial and natural, from the use of ionizing irradiation sources in medicine. The leading role is shown of the natural ionizing irradiation sources in the level of the country population exposure. The main directions of activities are stated aimed on the decreasing of population exposure doses from the natural sources. The brief characteristics is given of the radiation situation on the territories radioactively contaminated after the accident on the Chernobyl NPP, in the Pacific Ocean basin after the accident on the “Fukushima-1”NPP, of the main measures for radiation protection providing and for counteraction to radiation terrorism during the period of international sports and mass actions which were carried out in Russia in the last years (XXVII World Summer Universiade in2013 inKazan, XXII Olympic and XI Winter Paralympics Games in2014 inSochi). The most important tasks are defined for the improvement ofRussian Federationpopulation radiation safety at the present stage.

The article covers methodological approaches for substantiating the assignment of radioactive wastes (RAO) to special radioactive wastes, as well as the results of its practical application within initial registration of RAO.

In this paper, we calculated the nominal value of the Russian population risk coefficient using an algorithm in which the ICRP calculations conducted for the "composite" population. Increasing the intensity of mortality after irradiation used the same as the ICRP. Background intensity of all-cause mortality and intensity of mortality from cancers of different localization for the Russian population took from the WHO data for 2008. In this paper цas obtained a factor of about 1.5 times greater than that calculated for a "composite" of the population in the same approximations.

Intensive worldwide researches of the public exposure to radon are carried out for over 30 years. According to numerous studies being performed in many countries, radon and its progenies contribute significantly in total dose to the public. At that, dose due to inhalation of radon and its progenies is higher than that induced by other radiation sources, including sources used in medicine and those occurring in the environment due to the nuclear fuel cycle activities. Prolonged internal exposure to the human‘s body induced by the radon decay products is one of the key factors in the development of the lung cancer pathology. The recent results of global epidemiological studies, aimed at the risk assessment of indoor radon-induced lung cancer, have initiated the need to improve approaches to the regulation of this problem. International organizations (such as WHO, IAEA, ICRP) proposed a strategy of the public radiation protection against radon exposure and adapted this strategy to the up-to-date realities. The recent recommendations not only correct the radon activity concentration being limited in dwellings, but also change its status through converting the action level to the reference one. The strategies for limitation of the public exposure due to this component of natural radiation should be revised at the national level and an action plan for their implementation in the long term perspective should be developed. This paper deals with the key provisions of the recent international recommendations including approaches to regulate the public protection against radon exposure.

Complex of radiation studies was carried out on territory of Zhambyl oblast in 2011-2013. All impact radiation factors were studied including radon appearances in room air and water supply sources. Outcomes of the studies and previous investigation allow make up a Radiological Atlas of Zhambyl oblast with showing basic radiological problems and developing measurements for its decisions.

Implementation of reference level conception for optimization of protection against radon in dwellings requires thorough consideration of a number of associated problems. With regard to both experience with regulation of indoor radon exposure in Russia and ICRP recommendations, Russian national reference level for radon should be expressed using annual radon concentration and set at level of 200 Bq/m³.

The article discusses the issues associated with the current exposure of the population of 14 regions of Russia due to the Chernobyl accident, identified tasks facing Rospotrebnadzor today. The article describes criteria and requirements for ensuring of the mechanism of the transition of settlements from the conditions of a radiation accident to the public normal conditions.

The results of patient’s entrance surface dose measurements for common X-ray examinations (radiography of chest, cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, pelvis and chest fluorography) are presented. The evaluation of diagnostic reference levels was carried out from results of the dose distribution study with determinations of third quartile. The optimization of patient’s doses in diagnostic radiology is possible by monitoring of them using various dosimetry methods and comparison with established national diagnostic reference levels.

The paper presents the results of risk assessment from exposure to radon before and after radon mitigation actions in school. Twofold reduction of radon EEC (from 231 to 109.6 Bq/m3) in the long term can lead to decrease of lifetime attributable risk by 2.2–2.4% for the entire population (depending on the standard population used), 2.7% for men, 1.2% for women. These results were obtained using «FCZ» model. Models «EPA-2003» and «Wismut-2006» were not sensitive enough for use in such tasks.

This study is devoted to the assessment of the relations between the digital chest x-ray screening procedure parameters, different dose quantities (DAP, ESD, Effective dose) for different age and gender patient groups and patient’s anthropometric indicators. We selected the anthropometric indicators with the maximum impact on patient’s doses. We propose a new approach for the determination of the standard patient to be used for the medical exposure protection optimization using DRLs.

In the present paper an Alderson RANDO phantom have been used to experimentally determine conversion coefficients for external exposure. A limited number of exposure situations were investigated: rotational geometry with different radiation point sources (^99mTc, ¹³¹I+¹³³Ba, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁶⁰Co), APand PA-geometry with ¹³⁷Cs and a special pocket-geometry with ¹³⁷Cs. All experiments were carried out on a large open field to avoid scattering effects from walls and roof. The established conversion coefficients are a first step to later determine more conversion coefficients for more complex exposure situations. The coefficients presented here may therefore be used directly or as a comparison to Monte Carlo simulated values of the same exposure situations.

The basis of methodical approach for calculation of the individualized internal doses is the con-firmed original scientific hypothesis that every group of individuals which are homogeneous on demographic characteristics (gender and age), on a curve of dose distribution that is constructed according to the data of individual measurements of Cs137 in the human body (WB measurements), has the determined location, thus, that is constant in time, i.e. percentiles of dose distribution corresponding to the average internal dose of every age group of men and women on a curve of dose distribution occupy the certain, steady in time, location. Keywords: individualized internal dose, percentile of dose distribution, stability.

The article gives a comparative analysis of existing and newly developed thermoluminescent detectors DTG-4, TTLD-580, TLD-1011(TM) and DTVS-01 and dosemeters MKD-A and MKD-B for the purposes of individual dosimetric control of skin and eye lens exposure to radiation. The dependence of sensitivity of different thermoluminescent dosemeters, designed for dose equivalents measurements in skin and eye lens on the type (photons and ȕ-particles) and energy of radiation was determined experimentally. There are conclusions about the limits of applicability of existing detectors and dosemeters under different radiation exposure conditions. The article evaluates the possibility of different dosimeter use for specific radiation exposure conditions.

Regional study was conducted in 12 specialized pediatric medical organisations in St. Petersburg to assess exposure levels of pediatric patients (newborns, 1, 5, 10 and 15 years) during the most common radiographic examinations. The average values of effective doses for each age group, as well as the minimum and maximum average effective dose for the X-ray machine for each type of examinations and quantiles of dose distributions are provided. The ratio of the maximum to minimum dose values for the different of X-ray apparatuses, in most cases, was found to be a factor of 15. The average effective doses for the projection in the hospitals of St. Petersburg are compared with the similar data from Italian hospitals.

In the present paper shows the analysis of the available data on levels of concentrations and aggregative transfer factors (TFag) of ¹³⁷Cs from soil to different species of mushrooms growing in the contaminated areas of the Bryansk region, which is used to improve predictive models for estimation the expected levels and the expected values of TFag and planning of further research.