The objective of this study was to assess main regularities of resettlement of the first generation offspring of the exposed Techa River population. In the given paper the information on places and periods of residence of the population exposed on the Techa River and their offspring, obtained from the medical-dosimetric database
of the URCRM was used. Groups of the first generation offspring of exposed people living at various distances from the Techa River were identified. Main regularities of resettlement of a large group of offspring of the exposed Techa River population (26 300 persons) over the period 1950-2010 were revealed. Chelyabinsk Oblast is the main resettlement area of the first generation offspring of the exposed Techa River population. The proportion of offspring living outside of their primary resettlement area is gradually increasing. Offspring outflow from the Kurgan Oblast is greater than that from the Chelyabinsk Oblast. The main part (45.9%) of the first generation offspring of the exposed Techa River population alive as of 2010 was gathered in cities. Migration of the exposed population promoted increase in the number of marriages between exposed and
unexposed persons, to the birth of offspring whose one parent (either mother or father) was exposed and led to decrease in the number of offspring whose both parents were exposed. In the current study for the first time peculiarities of resettlement of two generation of people residing on radioactively-contaminated territories, exposed people and their offspring, were compared. Marked differences in the nature of resettlement of the Techa River exposed population offspring relative to their parents were registered. Offspring migrated more frequently, which is expressed in the increase in their proportion in cities up to 45.9% as compared to that of exposed persons – 30.8% (p<0.001). At the same time the proportion of the first generation offspring of the exposed Techa River population, who reside in Techa riverside settlements, is decreasing as compared to that of the exposed persons. In contrast to first generation offspring alive as of 2010, a bigger part of deceased offspring as of 2010 (30.7%) was registered in Techa riverside villages.

This study is devoted to the estimation of effective dose for children undergoing interventional cardiology examinations. The conversion coefficients (CC) from directly measured dose area product (DAP) value to effective dose (ED) were calculated within the approved effective dose assessment methodology (Guidelines 2.6.1. 2944-11). The CC, Ed K , [mSv / (Gy • cm²)] for newborn infants and children of 1, 5, 10 and 15 years old (main(range)) were calculated as 2.5 (1.8-3.2); 1.1 (0.8-1.3); 0.6 (0.4-0.7); 0.4 (0.3-0.5); and 0,22 (0,18-0,30) respectively. A special Finnish computer program PCXMC 2.0 was used for calculating the dose CC. The series of calculations were made for different values of the physical and geometrical parameters based on their real-existing range of values. The value of CC from DAP to ED were calculated for all pediatric age groups. This work included 153 pediatric interventional studies carried out in two hospitals of the city of St. Petersburg for the period of one year from the summer of 2015. The dose CC dependency from the patient’s age and parameters of the examinations were under the study. The dependence from the beam quality (filtration and tube voltage) and age of the patient were found. The younger is the patient, stronger is the filtration and higher is the voltage, the higher is the CC value. The CC in the younger (newborn) and older (15 years) age groups are different by the factor of 10. It was shown that the changes of the geometric parameters (in the scope of their real existing range) have small effect on the value of the effective dose, not exceed 30-50% allowable for radiation protection purpose. The real values of effective doses of children undergoing cardiac interventions were estimated. In severe cases, the values of ED can reach several tens of mSv.

The purpose of the study was to examine the quantity and quality of publications on radiation safety of the population in the media on the example of Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad region for the period of the first three-quarters of 2016. An analysis of publications in the media is an essential part of the work on the formation of an adequate perception of the radiation risk by the population. The Information and Analytical Centre of Rospotrebnadzor on radiation safety of the population developed a pilot computer-assisted system for the media publication analysis. The study was performed by this system as a development and improvement of the Center’s works applicable to the registration, storage, and analysis of qualitative and quantitative information contained in the publications. The author selected 27 mass-media sources for analysis: 8 newspapers (2 of them are located in Sosnoviy Bor); 8 TV-channels (4 – federal, 2 – regional, 2 – local in Sosnoviy Bor); 10 online media and the web-site of the Sosnoviy Bor administration. During the analyzed period, 1075 informational materials on issues of radiation safety were collected and added to the database. The largest number of publications were in the second quarter of 2016. The peak of publication activity on issues of radiation safety was registered in April. This fact is related to the 30th anniversary of the Chernobyl accident. A significant part (over 50%) of the publications were neutral in all media and in different types of media. A significant part of the publications is a brief informational note with the neutral nature of the character of the information. The number of materials with negative character of information among the publications on the subject of “radioactive waste” is more than 2 times larger than that for the publications on the subject of “nuclear energy”. The majority of publications belongs to the information genre. Analytical materials are a minor part and range from 1.6% to 8 % depending on the type of media. The testing of the computer-assisted system on the media publications analysis has shown its efficiency in terms of speed and agility of analysis and remote maintenance of the database, the possibility of further use it to analyze publications in media at the organization and optimization of risk communication in regions of the Russian Federation.

The use of the effective dose (the concept of which was developed for radiation protection of workers and public) and the nominal risk coefficients, averaged by sex and age, to assess the radiation risks of medical exposure has some significant limitations. Age and sex distribution of the staff and the entire population may be quite different from the sex and age distribution of patients undergoing medical exposure. Moreover, the structure of the age and sex of patients may be different for various medical examinations. There are simplified methods for evaluating individual risk for patients undergoing medical exposure. The methods are based on the effective dose evaluation and those take in to account age and gender. A more accurate assessment of lifetime risk of delayed stochastic effects for health of the patient is achieved by using the organ doses and the age and gender risk factors. The aim of this work was evaluation of the lifetime risk of long-term stochastic health effects for different gender and age groups of children undergoing various radiographic investigations by using organ doses and the age and gender risk factors, and subsequent classification in accordance with generally accepted international risk scale. Data from surveys of33 X-ray units in 29 specialized pediatric health care organizations in Russia were used in the work. Organ doses and patient’s effective doses were calculated on the basis of the defined for each x-ray machine typical modes for the 12 radiographic procedures (X-ray exam of the skull, chest, cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine–all in two projections – of the abdomen and pelvis – both in one projection)using a computer program PCXMC., Radiation risks for selected studies were estimated using the obtained organ doses and the age and gender risk factors calculated for the Russian population. The radiation risks were classified according to the international scale of the risks. It was found that the risk dependence on the sex and age is significant. For a number of examinations ,the gender dependence prevail; higher risks are intrinsic to female. For others examinations, a strong dependence on the age was revealed, such as an increase of the risk for the middle age group of children (10-14 years) compared to the younger and older groups.

The aims of the work are: 1) an analysis of information on radiation doses from natural sources of ionizing radiation of employees of enterprises in some industries of the Russian Federation and 2) an assessment of the state of registration of doses from natural sources in working conditions in the Unified System of Individual Dose Control. Materials and methods. The analysis was performed on the results of the operation of the Federal database of radiation doses of the population due to natural and artificial radiation background in 2013–2015 on the basis of the forms of the Federal statistical observation No. 4-DOZ in terms of collecting information on the radiation doses of workers in some non-nuclear industries due to natural sources of ionizing radiation. Results. Analysis of enterprises in 17 industries in 23 regions of Russia connected with the specificity of production processes showed cases of natural exposure of workers at the dose level exceeding 5 mSv/year. We have identified those branches of industry, for which the doses were close to 5 mSv/year.Examples of reducing the radiation doses by reducing the time spent by workers in workplaces with high levels of radiation are given. The problems of insufficient representativeness of the sample data are due to the lack of interaction of the management of industrial enterprises with the bodies of the Rospotrebnadzor. The obtained data allow speaking about the problem of assessing the quality of radiation control in the organizations where additional exposure of workers from natural radiation sources is expected. It is necessary to create a system of regulatory and procedural documents to solve the problem at the national level.

The purpose of the study was to assess the doses of personnel and the population at the expense of all the main activities and sources of radiation in the territory of the Voronezh region. The data of the forms of state statistical supervision No. 1-DOZ “Information on the doses of personnel from persons under normal use of technogenic sources of ionizing radiation”, No. 3-DOZ “Information on radiation doses of patients during X-ray radiology studies”), No. 4-DOZ “Information on radiation doses of the population due to natural and technogenically altered background” for 2010-2016 and the radiation and hygienic passport of the territory of the Voronezh Region. Based on the results of monitoring the radiation situation, the situation associated with the impact of ionizing radiation sources in the Voronezh Region has been characterized as safe for the past 7 years. The average annual effective dose per 1 inhabitant due to all ionizing radiation remains stable with a slight upward trend and lies in the range from 2.925 (2010) to 3.399 mSv (2016). In the structure of the collective dose of the population of the Voronezh region, the dose from natural sources is 83.65%, from medical sources – 16.06%, from technogenically changed background radiation, including global fallout and accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant – 0.18%, from the activities of enterprises using Sources of ionizing radiation – 0.11%. The average annual effective dose of natural exposure to humans varies from 0.660 to 0.704 mSv / year, natural radiation from radon from 0.832 to 1.465 mSv / year. The average effective dose from medical research for the procedure for the study period was 0.27-0.40 mSv and tends to decrease due to the introduction of modern low-dose medical diagnostic equipment. On the territory of the Voronezh region, there were no population groups with an effective radiation dose exceeding 5 mSv / year. Gamma-background in the region in 2010-2016. Did not exceed the natural level and amounted to 0.08 – 0.16 μSv / h. The excess of hygienic standards for the effects of ionizing radiation sources on humans has not been recorded.

The Chernobyl accident in 1986 being one of the most large-scale radiation accidents in the world led to radioactive contamination of large areas in the European part of the Russian Federation and at the neighboring countries. Nowadays, there are adout 4000 settlements with the total population of more than 1.5 million in the radioactively contaminated areas of the Russian Federation. The Bryansk region is the most intensely contaminated region: thus, in the Krasnogorskiy district, there are still settlements with the level of soil contamination with cesium-137 exceeding 40 Ci/km². Tula, Kaluga and Orel regions are also significantly affected. In addition to these four regions, there are ten other regions with the settlements located in the zones of radioactive contamination. After the Chernobyl accident, the affected areas have been divided into the zones of radioactive contamination. Belonging of the settlements to the one or another zone is determined by level of soil contamination with 137Cs and by value of the average annual effective dose that could be formed in the conditions of the absence of active measures of radiation protection and self-limitation with respect of the consumption of the local food products. The paper presents results of calculations of the average accumulated effective doses for the population. It is known that the most objective qualitative and quantitative index of the estimation of the actual radiation influence on the population of contaminated territories is the accumulated dose to population. In contrast to average annual effective exposure dose, which is estimated based on certain assumptions, the value of average accumulated dose is based on the doses which were actually received by inhabitants.

The aim of the study: to analyze the risk of lung cancer caused by exposure to indoor radon using an environmental study, taking into account recent data on the possible effect of Human Papillomavirus, based on lung cancer mortality and radon exposure in the Russian regions.

Materials and methods: in the analysis, linear dependencies of lung cancer against influencing factors were used. The average radon concentration for the regions of Russia was earlier reconstructed on the basis of the annual reports of the form 4-DOZ.
Information on morbidity and mortality from malignant neoplasms in Russia was obtained from annual reports issued by the Р. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute. As a surrogate of the level of infection with Human Papillomavirus, the incidence of cervix cancer was used. The smoking prevalence was estimated applying data on the incidence of tongue cancer.

Results: taking into account smoking and infection with
Human Papillomavirus, it is possible to obtain estimates of lung cancer excess relative risk when induced by radon in dwellings consistent with the results of case-control studies.

Conclusion: the analysis of regionally aggregated data on deaths from lung cancer in Russia, the average level of indoor radon concentrations
and significant risk factors for lung cancer confirms the linear threshold-free concept of radiation-induced carcinogenesis.